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Biology > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a centromere and the 4 major types

A
  • metacentric- middle
  • submetacentric- centromere toward one end
  • Acrocentric- very close to end
    -Telocentric- very tip of arms
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2
Q

gene

A

hereditary units that control particular characteristics/ traits

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3
Q

genotype vs phenotype

A

phenotype- The trait that is expressed. E.g. Bb but have black hair appearance
genotype- the pair of alleles E.g Bb

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4
Q

allele

A

different form of gene represented via symbols

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5
Q

Types of chromosomes

A
  • Autosomes (somatic) (1-22)
  • Allosomes (gametes) (23)
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6
Q

Ploidy

A

number of chromosome sets that a cell carries
- haploid ( half)
- diploid

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7
Q

Homologous chrom vs non homologous chrom

A

homologus- identical pairs of chromosomes
- carry the same genes but not the same versions of gene e.g mum and dad one brown and one blonde
- non homologus- different chromosomes that carry different genes

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8
Q

Karyotype

A

visual representation of chrom

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9
Q

what are chromosomes counted by

A

centromere

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10
Q

Meiosis

A

only occurs in eukaryotes
allows for genetic variability vis genetic recombination and crossing over
- is a reduction division resulting in 4 haploid daughter cells

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11
Q

genetic variations in gametes

A
  • random crossing over during prophase 1
    > genes from non-sister chromatids are swapped
    > creates gametes with unique chrom
  • Independent assortment during metaphase 1
    > homologus chroms line up @ equator RANDOMLY
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12
Q

what is a loci/locus

A

the specific location of a gene on a chromosome

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13
Q

what does DNA stand for

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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14
Q

DNA definition

A
  • is a complex molecule that contains all the genetic info necessary to build and maintain an organism
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15
Q

what are the nitrogenous base for DNA and RNA

A

DNA- ATGC
RNA- AUGC
- cytosine, adenine, guanine, thymine

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16
Q

DNA structure

A

-sugar phosphate backbone
- DNA is made up of building blocks called nucleotides
- DNA is coiled around histones( protein that provides structural support)

17
Q

structure

A

Bases > Nucleotide > DNA > Nucleosomes > Chromosomes

18
Q

nucleotide structure

A
  • purines- double ring DNA structure
  • Pyramidines- single ring
19
Q

DNA vs RNA

A

r- single stranded DNA
- diff nitrogenis base Uracil replaces thymine
- present during DNA rep
d- two strands anti parrelel
5’-3’, 3’-5’

20
Q

impacts on Phenotypes

A
  • genotypes and environmental influence
21
Q

enviro influence

A

The environment can change gene expression and therefore the phenotype.

22
Q

Epigenetics

A
  • The study of how the environment changes gene expression (how the environment changes the phenotype)
23
Q

Types of phenotypes

A

co dominance
> both alleles are equally expressed
e.g r,w, roan cow (rw)
incomplete dominance
> become blend e.g r ,w , pink

24
Q

chaisma

A

point of crossing over on a chrom

25
Q

define recombination

A

The crossing over of chromosomes during Prophase - chromosomes swap alleles to create recombinant gametes

26
Q

define monosomy

A

having on less chrom (45)

27
Q

define gene linkage

A
28
Q

pedigree patterns

A

x linked dom -
x linked recessive -
autosomal dom- two affected parents with not all children affected
autosomal recessive- two unaffected parents w affected child

29
Q

crossing over

A

during first division in meiosis. Produces chromosomes with new combos of genetic info

30
Q

recombinant chromatids

A

after crossing over where some of the chromosomes have new combos of gene (mum and dad)

31
Q

meiotic cell division

A
  1. Interphase before meiosis occurs DNA is replicated, chromosomes duplicate, result in two identical sister chroms
  2. P1- condens, plump and visible
  3. M1- line up in the middle (equator), arranged independently(indep assortment), spindle fibres attach to centromere
  4. A1- spindles shorten and pull the chroms apart
  5. T1Cleavage furrow is formed as two separate nuclei form
    6 cytokinesis 1 2 haploid daughter cells
  6. P2 SPINDLE FIBRES ARE RECREATED
  7. duplicated chroms line up in middle, spindle fibres attach to centromere
  8. A2 spindles shorten separating sister chromatids
  9. T2 cleavage furrow formed
  10. 4 haploid daughter cells
32
Q

trisomy

A

additional chrom (47)

33
Q

trisomy 21

A

down syndrome
-flat face, short neck, tonge tends to stick out

34
Q

trisomy 13

A

patau syndrome
- intellectual disability, cleft lip/palate

35
Q

trisomy 23

A

k linefelter syndrome
- male carries 2 X chroms (XXY)
-tall, shorter torso, absent/ delayed puberty

36
Q

monosomy 23

A
  • female only carries one x
  • short, infertile

Biology (8 decks)

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