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Biology > Cellular structure and function > Flashcards

Cellular structure and function Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

state cell theory

A
  1. all organisms and their products are made up of cells
  2. all cells come from pre existing cells
  3. The cell is the most basic organisational unit of life
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2
Q

Characteristics of prokaryotes

A
  • small unicellular
  • simple cell structure
  • large SA:V
  • no membrane bound organelles or nucleus
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3
Q

Characteristics of eukaryote

A
  • make up multicellular organism
  • larger and more complex than pro
  • distinct membrane bound organelles
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4
Q

Animals vs plant cells

A
  • plants have cell walls, chloroplast, large central vacuole
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5
Q

advantages of being multicellular

A
  • more energy efficient
    -longer lifespan
  • sexual reproduction
  • better specialisation
  • allows for adapting to short and long term changes in enviro
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6
Q

Nucleus structure and function

A
  • membrane bound
  • contains DNA
  • contains hereditary information
  • in animals and plants
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7
Q

Ribosomes structure and function

A
  • composed of ribosomal RNA
  • location of protein synthesis
  • found in cytoplasm or RER
  • inplants and animals
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8
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • processes and modifies proteins
  • Ribosomes on RER
  • plant and animal
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9
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • membrane bound
  • contains lipids for lipid synthesis
  • plant and animal
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10
Q

Lysosomes

A
  • “rubbish bin of cell”- specialised vesicles that digest unwanted matter
  • animal cells
  • membrane bound
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11
Q

Golgi apparatus

A
  • processes and packages proteins in vesicles that are exported out of the cell
  • membrane bound
    -plant and animal
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12
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • obtains energy from organic compounds -releases energy from organic compound
  • contains DNA
  • membrane bound
  • Plants and animals
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13
Q

Chloroplast

A
  • contains chlorophyll
  • contains DNA
  • specialised for photosynthesis as it uses light energy, carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose
  • in plants
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14
Q

equation for photosynthesis (cellular respiration)

A

6C02 + 12H0 –> C6H1206+602+6H20

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15
Q

Vacuole

A
  • large in plants small in animals
  • fluid filled vesicle
  • stores substances and involved in cell structure in plants
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16
Q

plastid

A
  • plants
    -develops from proplasts
    -synthesises and stores organic molecules
  • DNA
17
Q

centrioles

A
  • involved in cell division and the formation of cell structures such as flagella and cillia
  • small structure in cytoplasm, consisting of microtubules
  • Sometimes in plants always in animals
18
Q

Cilia and Flagella

A
  • external structure consisting of microtubules
  • helps with motility- movement of substances across cell surface
19
Q

Cytoskeleton (not and organelle)

A
  • internal support and transport network
  • movement and stability
  • not in prokaryote
20
Q

Cell wall (not an organelle)

A
  • external structure surrounding pm
  • protects the cell and is apart of cell structure

3 diff types
- plant- cellulose
- fungal- chitin
-prokaryote- murein

21
Q

SA:V ratio in relation to diffusion and how to overcome decreasing SA:V

A

higher SA:V the faster the rate of diffusion/exchange

overcome decerasing SA:V
- become multicellular
- cell compartmentalisation
- flattened shape
- pm extensions

22
Q

plasma membrane def

A

a bilayer of phospholipids that encloses the cells contents and controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell

23
Q

permeability def

A

ability of a membrane to allow substances to pass through

24
Q

cell fluid name and function

A

intercellular fluid
cytosol- liquid part of cytoplasm
cytoplasm- entire contents of cell minus nucleus

25
Q

phospholipid structure

A

phosphate hydrophilic head and lipid hydrophobic tail

26
Q

cholesterol

A

located between phospholipids making the membrane more stable and have less fluid as it decreases permeability to small water soluble substances

without the membrane breaks down

27
Q

carbohydrates

A
  • structure on the outside of the cell
  • protein + carbohydrate = glycoprotein
  • lipid+ carbohydrate= glycolipid
  • play a role in the recognition and adhesion of other cells, antibodies, hormones and viruses
28
Q

3 types of proteins in the Pmem

A
  • integral-permanent feature of membrane
  • peripheral- temporary feature of membrane
  • tans membrane- span both phospholipid layers
29
Q

channel and carrier proteins

A

channel- enable water soluble molecules to enter the cell through facilitated diffusion
carrier- enable large molecules to enter the cell by facilitated diffusion or active transport

30
Q

types of passive transport and defs

A
31
Q

diffusion and type of transport

A
  • passive
    passive movement of molecules along a concentration gradient from a region of high to low solute concentration
32
Q

osmosis and type of transport

A
  • passive transport
  • osmosis- passive movement of water through a partially permeable membrane, from a region of low to high solute
  • hypertonic- higher concentration of solute
  • isotonic - equal solution concentration
  • hypotonic- lower concentration of solute
33
Q

facilitated diffusion and type of transport

A
  • passive
    transports proteins embedded throughout the membrane that provide a passage for many particles unable to pass via simple diffusion
    channel protein - tunnel
    carrier proteins- bind to molecules to change shape for specificity (conformation)
34
Q

factors affecting rate of diffusion

A
  • temp- higher=faster
    -particle size- smaller=faster
    -concentration- the greater the conc the faster rate of diffusion
35
Q

bulk transport and type of transport

A
  • active transport (ATP)
    -larger molecules can be transported in bulk

-endo and exocytosis

36
Q

endo and exocytosis

A

exocytosis-movement of substance out of cell

endocytosis- movement of substance out of cell
-pinocytosis - entry of substances from the extracellular fluid
-phagocytosis- entry of large particles (bacteria white blood cells, debris)

Biology (8 decks)

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