Genetics

Question 0

Allele

Answer 0

Variants for a given gene

Question 1

Gene

Answer 1

Heritable unit that varies among individuals

Question 2

True-breeding

Answer 2

Self-pollinating produces the same traits as the parent

Purebred

Question 3

Heterozygous

Answer 3

Two different alleles for a given character

Question 4

Phenotype

Answer 4

Organism’s traits

Question 5

Genotype

Answer 5

Organism’s genetic makeup

Question 6

Complete dominance

Answer 6

Phenotypes of heterozygous and homozygous dominant look the same

Question 7

Incomplete dominance

Answer 7

3rd phenotype in hybrid

Example: pink snapdragons

Question 8

Codominance

Answer 8

In hybrid, see phenotypes of both parents

Question 9

Polygenic inheritance

Answer 9

Additive effect of more than 1 gene

Question 10

Cystic fibrosis

Answer 10

Recessive disorder

Defective chlorine channel- mucus buildup in lungs

Question 11

Sickle cell disease

Answer 11

Recessive disorder
Defective hemoglobin- red blood cells don’t carry oxygen well- leads to blood clots
Heterozygous- resistance against malaria

Question 12

Achondroplasia

Answer 12

Dominant disease

Dwarfism

Question 13

Huntington’s disease

Answer 13

Dominant disease

Neurological disease that develops in 30s-40s: likely already passed on to children by that point

Question 14

Fetal testing

Answer 14

Ultrasound
Amniocentesis (remove some of fluid around fetus)
CVS (chronic villus sampling: remove some of placenta)

Question 15

Newborn screening

Answer 15

Test for metabolic disorders, like PKU

Question 16

Pre-implantation testing

Answer 16

In vitro fertilization: test cells

Question 17

Linked genes

Answer 17

Located near each other on chromosome: usually inherited together (can’t separate in crossover)

Question 18

Wild type

Answer 18

Traits normally found in an organism

Question 19

Parental type

Answer 19

Offspring inherits phenotype from 1 parent

Question 20

Recombinant type

Answer 20

Offspring inherits new combination of phenotypes

Question 21

Sex-linked genes

Answer 21

Genes located on an X or Y chromosome (humans- X chromosome)

Question 22

Meiotic nondisjunction

Answer 22

Failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate

Question 23

Aneuploidy

Answer 23

Abnormal number of 1 particular chromosome

Example: Down Syndrome

Question 24

Polyploidy

Answer 24

Organism with 2 complete sets of chromosomes

Question 25

XXY (Klinefelter's syndrome)

Answer 25

Male: sterile, may have some female characteristics

Question 26

XYY

Answer 26

Male: taller than normal

Question 27

XXX

Answer 27

Female: usually normal and healthy (2 X chromosomes get inactivated as Barr bodies instead of 1)

Question 28

X (Turner's syndrome)

Answer 28

Female: phenotypically normal, but sterile

Question 29

Deletion

Answer 29

Removal of a chromosomal segment

Question 30

Duplication

Answer 30

Repetition of a chromosomal segment

Question 31

Inversion

Answer 31

Reversal of a segment of a chromosome

Question 32

Translocation

Answer 32

Moving of one chromosomal segment to a non homologous chromosome