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Bio 120 > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Aristotle

A

Organisms are fixed and unchanging

Scala naturae: ladder of nature (simple organisms on bottom and complex organisms on top)

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2
Q

Georges Cuvier

A

Late 1700s to early 1800s

Catastrophism: catastrophe killed off organisms and new ones appeared

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3
Q

James Hutton

A

Mid to late 1700s

Gradualism: gradual processes can lead to big changes given enough time

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4
Q

Charles Lyell

A

Early to mid 1800s
Uniformitarianism: geological processes that operate now are the same as those that operated in the past and operate at the same rate now as they did then

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5
Q

Carolus Linnaeus

A

Father of modern taxonomy

Grouped similar organisms into categories

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6
Q

Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck

A

Late 1700s to early 1800s
Proposed that gradual change could explain fossil record
Organisms evolve through use/disuse and inheritance of acquired characteristics

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7
Q

Darwin’s Voyage to South America

A

Temperate SA species resembled SA tropical species more than they resembled temperate European species
Earthquake geology: after an earthquake, the land raised up
Studied animals: iguanas, tortoises, finches, etc.

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8
Q

Natural Selection

A

Heritable variation exists in populations
Organisms produce more offspring than can possibly survive
Those with favorable traits will leave more offspring
Differential survival and reproduction will result in accumulation of favorable traits within the population

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9
Q

Alfred Russel Wallace

A

Visited Rio Negro in Brazil
Studied birds of paradise and orangutans
Came to same conclusions as Darwin
Sent a manuscript to Darwin, which prompted him to publish his findings

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10
Q

On the Origin of Species

A

Darwin’s published work
Species presently inhabiting the earth are descendants of ancestral species that were different
Mechanism of species change: natural selection

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11
Q

Modern definition of evolution

A

Change in a population’s gene frequency over time

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12
Q

Rise of Life

A

Earth is roughly 4.6 billion years old

About 3.9 billion years ago, earth stopped being bombarded by space debris

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13
Q

Oparin-Haldane Hypothesis (1920)

A

Atmosphere+H20+lightning or UV= organic molecules
Modern hypothesis: volcanoes or deep sea vents were sites of organic synthesis
Meteorites contain amino acids

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14
Q

Synthesizing Polymers

A

Dripping amino acids onto hot rocks makes polymers

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15
Q

First cell theory

A

RNA monomers can form spontaneously

Protocells (abiotically produced) took up RNA and divided

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16
Q

Absolute Aging

A

Use radioactive isotopes to determine age of fossils (within a range)

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17
Q

Precambrian Era

A

1st era

Mostly prokaryotes

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18
Q

Phanerozoic Era

A

Paleozoic: marine and terrestrial (reptiles) animals, vascular plants
Mesozoic: dinosaurs, cone-bearing and flowering plants
Cenozoic: mammals, birds, insects

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19
Q

Permian Extinction

A

End of Paleozoic era

Causes: volcanic eruption in Siberia and formation of Pangaea

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20
Q

Cretaceous/Tertiary Extinction

A

End of Mesozoic era

Causes: meteorite strike in Yucatan, volcanism

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21
Q

Stromatolites

A

Oldest fossils

Groups of prokaryotes

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22
Q

Rise of Eukaryotes

A

Endosymbiosis: one prokaryote engulfed another

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23
Q

Rise of Multicellularity

A

Groups of prokaryotes (stromatolites) came together

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24
Q

Cambrian Era

A

Most major phyla appeared

Large, shelled or animals with exoskeletons

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25
Q

Tree of Life

A

3 domains evolved from universal common ancestor: archaea (prokaryotes, usually anaerobic), bacteria, eukarya

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26
Q

Homology

A

Similarity resulting from common ancestry

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27
Q

Vestigial Structures

A

Organs/structures with little or no current use; relics of common ancestor

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28
Q

Biogeography

A

Geographic distribution of organisms

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29
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

Independent evolution of similar features in different lineages

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30
Q

Fossil Record Patterns

A

Prokaryotes came first, then eukaryotes, then fish, then amphibians…

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31
Q

Microevolution

A

Change in gene frequency in a population/species over time

32
Q

Macroevolution

A

Over many generations, changes accumulate that lead to the appearance of new groups of organisms

33
Q

Genetic Variation

A

Differences among individuals in the composition of their genes or other DNA segments
Results from mutation and duplication (duplicated genes may take on new functions)

34
Q

Hox gene

A

Determines where limbs and other body parts are
1st duplication: jawless vertebrates
2nd duplication: jawed vertebrates

35
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

A 
Gene pool of population that isn't evolving
p^2+2pq+q^2=1 (p=proportion of dominant allele, q=proportion of recessive allele)
Only true if:
No mutation
Random mating
No natural selection
Extremely large population
No gene flow
36
Q

Genetic Drift

A

Random change in allele frequency

Strong in small populations

37
Q

Founder Effect

A

Founding members of a new population have different allele frequencies than the original source population

38
Q

Bottleneck Effect

A

Event occurs that wipes out much of population: surviving population has different allele frequencies than the original population

39
Q

Gene Flow

A

Movement of genes in and out of a population (random)

40
Q

Directional Selection

A

Favors 1 direction

41
Q

Disruptive Selection

A

Favors ends (extremes)

42
Q

Stabilizing Selection

A

Favors average (mean)

43
Q

Fitness

A

The contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to the fitness of contributions of other individuals

44
Q

Limitations of Natural Selection

A

Selection can only work on existing variation
Limited by historical constraints (what has gone before determines what there is now)
Adaptations are often compromises (an adaptation that helps in one task may hinder another)
Chance, natural selection, and the environment interact

45
Q

Major Changes in Body Plan

A

Result of sequences and regulation of developmental genes

46
Q

Paedomorphosis

A

Changes in development of reproductive genes

47
Q

Speciation

A

The process by which one species splits into 2 or more species

48
Q

Biological Species Concept

A

Members have the potential to produce viable, fertile offspring with one another, but not with members of other species

49
Q

Prezygotic Barriers

A 
Habitat isolation (live in different areas)
Temporal isolation (mate at different times)
Behavioral isolation (different courtship display)
Mechanical isolation (cannot physically have intercourse)
Gametic isolation (protein incompatibility on egg/sperm surface)
50
Q

Postzygotic Barriers

A 
Reduced hybrid viability (hybrids don't develop or are weak)
Reduced hybrid fertility (hybrids are infertile)
Hybrid breakdown (hybrids are fine, but F2 generation is weak and sterile)
51
Q

Morphological Species Concept

A

Different shape/structure=different species

52
Q

Ecological Species Concept

A

Different niches=different species

53
Q

Phylogenic Species Concept

A

Uses genetics to determine common ancestry

54
Q

Allopatric Speciation

A

Splitting one population into two so that they are geographically separated

55
Q

Sympatric Speciation

A

Speciation in species that live together
Polyploidy: extra sets of chromosomes
Habitat differentiation: genetic factors enable one species to use a habitat or resource not used by the parent population
Sexual selection

56
Q

Punctuated Equilibrium

A

Rapid speciation event followed by long periods of stability

57
Q

Gradual Speciation

A

Gradual change over long periods of time

58
Q

Trends in Primate Evolution

A 
Dextrous hands
Bipedalism
Large brain
Infant care
Broad flat teeth in a U-shaped jaw
59
Q

Common Ancestor Between Humans and Modern Apes

A

Quadruped
Walked on its palms
Arboreal clamberer (didn’t climb gracefully)
Generalized omnivore teeth

60
Q

Hominins

A

Extinct species that was more closely related to humans than chimps
Exhibited “neck down” evolution
Faces remained relatively unchanged

61
Q

Trends in Hominin Evolution

A

Bipedalism (drier climate hypothesis: more savanna, more walking)
Tool use

62
Q

Sehelantrhopus Tchadensis

A

Early on hominin family tree
Flatter face than other anthropoids of the time
Hole in bottom of skull more under skull (more bipedalism)

63
Q

Ardipithecus Ramidus (“Ardi”)

A

2nd on hominin family tree
Bipedal (in response to nature rather than naturally)
Opposable toe, but “propulsive” foot
Flatter face than modern apes

64
Q

Australopithecus Afarensis

A

3rd on hominin family tree
Upright head position
Arms capable of arboreal life
“Lucy”

65
Q

Australopithecus Garhi

A

4th on hominin family tree

First tool user (?)

66
Q

Australopithecus Robustus

A

4th on hominin family tree (same time as Garhi)
Robust Australopithecus
Died off and probably not on our direct line

67
Q

Australopithecus Sediba

A

5th on hominin family tree
Had characteristics resembling both earlier Australopithecines (arm length and brain size) and later Homo (pelvis and teeth)

68
Q

Homo Habilis

A

6th on hominin family tree
“Handy Man”
Extensive tool use
Fully adapted for upright posture

69
Q

Homo Ergaster

A

7th on hominin family tree
Long straight legs, short straight fingers
Smaller teeth than Australopithecines of time

70
Q

Sexual Dimorphism

A

Size difference between males and females

Reduction is a trend in hominin evolution

71
Q

Homo Erectus

A

8th on hominin family tree
Big skull with enlarged frontal lobes
“Great walker”- left Africa
Hunted in bands, used fire, beginnings of cultural traditions

72
Q

Homo Neanderthalensis

A 
Shorter, heavier, bigger-nosed, bigger-brained than Homo Sapiens
Found in Europe
Hunted large game
Cared for sick and elderly
Buried dead
Iffy indications of speech
No belief in afterlife
73
Q

Homo Floresiensis

A

More related to H. erectus than to H. sapiens or H. neaderthalensis
Dwarf characteristics

74
Q

Denisovans

A

More closely related to Neanderthals than to humans
Originated at same time as Neanderthals: went to Asia when Neanderthals went to Europe
Known from teeth and phalanges

75
Q

Humans of Sima de Los Huesos

A

Found in Sima de Los Huesos cave in Spain
Oldest hominin DNA
DNA is more like Denisovans than like Neanderthals

Bio 120 (8 decks)

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