Genetics Flashcards
A segment or segments of a DNA molecule, which in turn, makes up a chromosome.
Gene
Genes control the production of _ or substances that determine the traits of an organism.
proteins
Genes control the production of _ or substances that determine the traits of an organism. Their kind and amount determine the size, shape, and characteristics of living things.
proteins
These are mainly of proteins.
Organisms
The process that takes place in ribosomes through which the cells generate new proteins.
Protein Synthesis
Protein Synthesis involves these nuclein acids.
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Protein Synthesis involves these two major processes.
transcription and translation
Protein Synthesis involves these two major processes.
transcription and translation
The DNA code is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated to _. They form proteins that determine the appearance and functions of cells and organisms.
Polypeptides
In this process, before a protein can be synthesized, the DNA information or code must first be copied or transcribed to a type of RNA called mRNA (messenger RNA). The DNA codes that are transcribed into mRNA are carried as units called “codons”.
Transcription
How many nitrogenous bases does each codon consist?
Three (3)
Before a protein can be synthesized, the DNA information or code must first be copied or transcribed to a type of RNA called _ (messenger RNA).
mRNA
The DNA codes that are transcribed into mRNA are carried as units called “_”. These are usually written as the first letters of their bases.
codons
The codon AUG stands for the sequence of nitrogenous bases:
adenine, uracil, and guanine
In _, transcription in nucleus.
eukaryotic cells
In eukaryotic cells, transcription in _.
nucleus
After transcription, the resulting mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the?
cytoplasm
In the cytoplasm, the mRNA attaches to a?
ribosome
During this process, the code carried by the mRNA is translated into a sequence of amino acids that will form the protein molecule.
Translation
The process of translation takes place in the?
ribosome
Another type of RNA floating in the cytoplasm that carries a special triplet of bases called “anticodon”, which is complementary to a codon in the mRNA molecules.
tRNA (transfer RNA)
A special triplet of bases which is complementary to a codon in the mRNA molecules.
anticodon
During translation, the anticodon on the _ with the appropriate codon in the mRNA.
tRNA base-pairs
It carries also the amino acid corresponding to the mRNA codon.
tRNA
Translation starts with a corresponding tRNA binding with the start codon, which is the _, of an mRNA.
AUG
AUG codes for the amino acid, _.
methione
This moves along the mRNA and adds the amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain.
ribosome
When the ribosome encounters a stop codon (_, _, or _), it detaches from the mRNA. This is the termination stage of translation.
UAA, UAG, or UGA
The product of translation. It has to undergo post-translational modification first before it becomes a functional protein.
polypeptide chain
The entire process of protein synthesis or gene expression is best described by the so-called _ — a principle that unifies the processes of replication, transcription, and translation. This principle expresses indirectly the involvement of RNA molecules that serve as intermediary molecules between DNA and the proteins the DNA codes for.
central dogma of molecular biology
An error that occurs in one of the genes, as when the base G in the DNA molecule is submitted by the base A. It can cause a cell to produce an incorrect protein resulting in a phenotype that is different from what is normally expected.
Mutation
DNA molecules are packed in these threadlike structures. These may comprise the complete or partial genetic material of an organism.
chromosomes
The DNA proteins are tightly wound around these proteins.
histones
The condensed form of eukaryotic chromosomes are visible under the light microscope in the _ stage of cell division.
metaphase
A replicated and condensed chromosome may have an _.
x-shaped appearance
It is one of the two arms of the chromosomes.
chromatid