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Genetics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A segment or segments of a DNA molecule, which in turn, makes up a chromosome.

A

Gene

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2
Q

Genes control the production of _ or substances that determine the traits of an organism.

A

proteins

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2
Q

Genes control the production of _ or substances that determine the traits of an organism. Their kind and amount determine the size, shape, and characteristics of living things.

A

proteins

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3
Q

These are mainly of proteins.

A

Organisms

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4
Q

The process that takes place in ribosomes through which the cells generate new proteins.

A

Protein Synthesis

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5
Q

Protein Synthesis involves these nuclein acids.

A

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)

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6
Q

Protein Synthesis involves these two major processes.

A

transcription and translation

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7
Q

Protein Synthesis involves these two major processes.

A

transcription and translation

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8
Q

The DNA code is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated to _. They form proteins that determine the appearance and functions of cells and organisms.

A

Polypeptides

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9
Q

In this process, before a protein can be synthesized, the DNA information or code must first be copied or transcribed to a type of RNA called mRNA (messenger RNA). The DNA codes that are transcribed into mRNA are carried as units called “codons”.

A

Transcription

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10
Q

How many nitrogenous bases does each codon consist?

A

Three (3)

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11
Q

Before a protein can be synthesized, the DNA information or code must first be copied or transcribed to a type of RNA called _ (messenger RNA).

A

mRNA

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12
Q

The DNA codes that are transcribed into mRNA are carried as units called “_”. These are usually written as the first letters of their bases.

A

codons

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13
Q

The codon AUG stands for the sequence of nitrogenous bases:

A

adenine, uracil, and guanine

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14
Q

In _, transcription in nucleus.

A

eukaryotic cells

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15
Q

In eukaryotic cells, transcription in _.

A

nucleus

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16
Q

After transcription, the resulting mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the?

A

cytoplasm

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17
Q

In the cytoplasm, the mRNA attaches to a?

A

ribosome

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18
Q

During this process, the code carried by the mRNA is translated into a sequence of amino acids that will form the protein molecule.

A

Translation

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19
Q

The process of translation takes place in the?

A

ribosome

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20
Q

Another type of RNA floating in the cytoplasm that carries a special triplet of bases called “anticodon”, which is complementary to a codon in the mRNA molecules.

A

tRNA (transfer RNA)

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21
Q

A special triplet of bases which is complementary to a codon in the mRNA molecules.

A

anticodon

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22
Q

During translation, the anticodon on the _ with the appropriate codon in the mRNA.

A

tRNA base-pairs

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23
Q

It carries also the amino acid corresponding to the mRNA codon.

A

tRNA

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24
Q

Translation starts with a corresponding tRNA binding with the start codon, which is the _, of an mRNA.

A

AUG

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25
Q

AUG codes for the amino acid, _.

A

methione

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26
Q

This moves along the mRNA and adds the amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain.

A

ribosome

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27
Q

When the ribosome encounters a stop codon (_, _, or _), it detaches from the mRNA. This is the termination stage of translation.

A

UAA, UAG, or UGA

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28
Q

The product of translation. It has to undergo post-translational modification first before it becomes a functional protein.

A

polypeptide chain

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29
Q

The entire process of protein synthesis or gene expression is best described by the so-called _ — a principle that unifies the processes of replication, transcription, and translation. This principle expresses indirectly the involvement of RNA molecules that serve as intermediary molecules between DNA and the proteins the DNA codes for.

A

central dogma of molecular biology

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30
Q

An error that occurs in one of the genes, as when the base G in the DNA molecule is submitted by the base A. It can cause a cell to produce an incorrect protein resulting in a phenotype that is different from what is normally expected.

A

Mutation

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31
Q

DNA molecules are packed in these threadlike structures. These may comprise the complete or partial genetic material of an organism.

A

chromosomes

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32
Q

The DNA proteins are tightly wound around these proteins.

A

histones

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33
Q

The condensed form of eukaryotic chromosomes are visible under the light microscope in the _ stage of cell division.

A

metaphase

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34
Q

A replicated and condensed chromosome may have an _.

A

x-shaped appearance

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35
Q

It is one of the two arms of the chromosomes.

A

chromatid

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36
Q

The constriction point of a chromosome where the chromatids touch.

A

centromere

37
Q

Chromosomes have two sections or “_”.

A

arms

38
Q

Chromosomes have two sections or “arms”—the _ refers to the short arm.

A

p arm

39
Q

Chromosomes have two sections or “arms”—the _ refers to the long arm.

A

q arm

40
Q

How many chromosomes do bacteria have (which are circular in shape)?

A

one (1) or two (2) chromosomes

41
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

23 chromosomes

42
Q

The first _ chromosomes are identical in both male and female humans.

A

22

43
Q

The first 22 chromosomes are identical in both male and female humans are called?

A

autosomal chromosomes

44
Q

The twenty-third pair differs between males and females. This pair comprises the?

A

sex chromosomes

45
Q

A type of mutation that involves a long segment of DNA. It may involve changes in parts of a chromosome or in the entire set of chromosomes. This usually occurs during mitosis or meiosis.

A

Chromosomal Mutation

46
Q

The two general types of chromosomal mutation.

A

Numerical Mutation and Structural Mutation

47
Q

It results from nondisjunction, or the failure of a pair of homologous chromosomes or a pair of sister chromatids to separate during mitosis or meiosis.

A

Numerical mutation

48
Q

Nondisjunction during meiosis produces _ that can produce abnormal offspring.

A

abnormal gametes

49
Q

The failure of a pair of homologous chromosomes or a pair of sister chromatids to separate during mitosis or meiosis.

A

Nondisjunction

50
Q

Changes in chromosome number such as the addition or deletion of one or more chromosomes.

A

anueploidy

51
Q

The addition of one chromosome to the normal 2N.

A

trisomy (2N+1)

52
Q

The deletion of a chromosome from the normal chromosome number 2N.

A

monosomy (2N-1)

53
Q

_ and _ in humans can be disruptive to the extent that it can kill the embryo.

A

Trisomy and monosomy

54
Q

Aneuploidy in certain chromosomes pairs can result in the survival of an offspring, but with severe abnormalities or developmental difficulties, such as?

A

mental retardation and sterility

55
Q

A human chromosome trisomy involving nondisjunction of the 21st pair of autosomes.

A

Trisomy 21 or Down Syndrome

56
Q

Characteristics of Trisomy 21:

A
  • short stature
  • short and broad hands
  • mental retardation
  • heart problems
  • short life span
57
Q

This could be a contributing factor to Trisomy 21. The frequency increases with age.

A

Maternal age or paternal age

58
Q

Women between 35 and 39 years of age are _ times more likely to have a child with Down syndrome than women aged 15 to 19.

A

seven times

59
Q

The frequency increases to _ times for women 40 to 45 years old, and _ for women over 45.

A

20 times; 50

60
Q

This results from nondisjunction involving entire sets of chromosomes.

A

Polyploidy

61
Q

It has an extra set or several complete sets of chromosomes.

A

polyploid organism

62
Q

Tomatoes with _ sets of chromosomes have a higher Vitamin C content than normal.

A

four

63
Q

Some species of _, _, _, _, and _ come from polyploid plants.

A

wheat, cane sugar, arabica coffee, bananas, and potatoes

64
Q

The four types of structural mutations in chromosomes.

A

translocation, inversion, deletion, duplication

65
Q

The transfer of genetic material between two non-homologous chromosomes.

A

Translocation

66
Q

The most common form of Translocation involves _ and _.

A

a single break in each of the two chromosomes and an exchange of broken pieces

67
Q

The movement of a segment of human chromosome 22 to chromosome 9 is associated with a form of cancer called _. This results in the proliferation of certain white blood cells in the bone marrow.

A

myeloid leukemia

68
Q

This involves two breaks in a chromosome, followed by the broken ends reattaching in reverse order.

A

Inversion

69
Q

The two types of inversions.

A

paracentric and pericentric inversions

70
Q

In this type of inversion, both breaks occur in one arm of the chromosome.

A

Paracentric Inversion

71
Q

In this type of inversion, the centromere is involved and each arm has a break point.

A

Pericentric Inversion

72
Q

This is usually caused by breaks in a chromosome and a consequent loss of one or more genes. Its effects increase in severity as the number of lost selections or genes increases.

A

Deletion

73
Q

An example of genetic effect due to deletion. It results from the loss of a segment of chromosome 5. Manifestations include an abnormally small head, widely spaced eyes, mental retardation, and a monotone, weak cat-like cry.

A

cri du chat (French phrase for “cry of the cat”) syndrome

74
Q

This occurs when portions of chromosomes are present in multiple copies. The effects are believed to be less severe than deletions and are difficult to detect in humans.

A

Duplication

75
Q

Produce genetically modified organisms, therapeuride organisms.

A

Applied Genetics

76
Q

Branch of Biology studying hereditary information.

A

Genetics

77
Q

What makes up an organism. This is the representation of genes/allele. Denoted by letters. A set of genes that inherited.

A

Genotype

78
Q

The observable or physical traits/characteristics of an organism. Straight hair, fair complexion, tan, Widow’s peak, straight hairline.

A

Phenotype

79
Q

The passing of characteristics from parents to offspring.

A

Heredity

80
Q

All living organisms must carry, store, and produce a vast amount of _ that allow organisms to grow, produce, and function.

A

genetic information

81
Q

Rr, rr

A

Homozygous

82
Q

Rr, Ss, Tt, Bb

A

Heterozygous

83
Q

Skin color, height, eye color, earlobe shape, hairline

A

Traits

84
Q

A way to determine/predict the outcome of offspring and know the probability of outcome (generation). Equal to 4.

A

Punnett Square

85
Q

He came up with Punnett Square.

A

Reginald C. Punnett

86
Q

parental gen.

A

P1 generation

87
Q

first filial gen

A

F1 generation

88
Q

2nd filial gen

A

F2

89
Q

Used by Gregor Johann Mendel to study/observe different characteristics. Has the presence of observable traits with contributing forms. Produces many offspring. Short life cycle. Cross manipulation

A

pea plant

90
Q

Two types of Cross Manipulation

A

Monohybrid cross (crossing a single trait only) and Dihybrid cross (two traits)

91
Q

Building blocks of proteins. 20.

A

amino acids

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