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Science > Chapter 6: Structures of the Human Reproductive System and Hormone Action in the Reproductive System > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Structures of the Human Reproductive System and Hormone Action in the Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Human Reproductive System consists of?

A

Male Reproductive System and Female Reproductive System

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2
Q

Male Reproductive System consists of?

A
  • testes
  • scrotum
  • ducts
  • penis
  • seminal vesicles
  • prostate glands
  • bulbourethral glands
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3
Q

Ducts consist of?

A
  • epididymis
  • vas deferens
  • urethra
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4
Q

Female Reproductive System consists of?

A
  • ovaries
  • oviduct
  • uterus
  • cervix
  • vagina
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5
Q

These reproduce to perpetuate their kind. They reproduce either asexually or sexually.

A

Organisms

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6
Q

The simplest forms of organisms that usually reproduce by simply dividing themselves.

A

bacteria and yeasts

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7
Q

The mode of reproduction where organisms reproduce by simply dividing themselves. It does not involve reproductive cells or gametes.

A

Asexual

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8
Q

In complex animals, this is carried out through sexual means.

A

Reproduction

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9
Q

The mode of reproduction carried out through sexual means involves the union of _.

A

gametes

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10
Q

In males, these gametes are called?

A

spermatozoa or sperm cells

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11
Q

In females, gametes are called?

A

ova or egg cells

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12
Q

These are involved in the production of germ cells or sex cells and in the manufacture of hormones.

A

Primary organs

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13
Q

Primary organs are also referred to as?

A

gonads or sex glands

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14
Q

The male gonads.

A

testes

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15
Q

The female gonads.

A

ovaries

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16
Q

These include the series of ducts that transport the germ cells and the various exocrine glands. They are responsible for nourishing and transporting gametes to the different parts of the reproductive system.

A

Accessory organs

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17
Q

These transport their products, other than hormones and chemical transmitters, using ducts instead of the circulatory system.

A

Exocrine glands

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18
Q

Primary male reproductive organs. They are oval-shaped organs located inside the scrotum.

They descend into the scrotum just before birth.

A

Testes

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19
Q

In a developing fetus, testes are found inside this.

A

pelvic cavity

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20
Q

The testes’ measurement in length and in width.

A

3.7 to 5 centimeters in length and 2.5 centimeters in width

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21
Q

Testes are involved in the production of this, the primary male sex hormone.

A

Testosterone

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22
Q

Testes are also involved in the production of sperm cells or?

A

spermatogenesis

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23
Q

A sac that contains the testes, as well as the many nerves and blood vessels that straddle it.

A

Scrotum

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24
Q

The two main functions of the scrotum.

A
  • provide protection for testes
  • aid in the normal development of sperm cells
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25
Q

The testes must be at a temperature slightly lower than the _ for proper production of sperm cells.

A

body temperature (37°C)

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26
Q

Where is scrotum situated?

A

Behind and underneath the penis.

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27
Q

A long coiled tube, about 6 meters long, located behind each testis.

This duct transports and temporarily stores sperm cells that are produced in the testis.

The sperm cells produced in the testis. The sperm cells produced in the testis are immature and not quite ready yet for fertilization.

The sperm cells undergo maturation in the _.

A

Epididymis

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28
Q

How long is the epididymis, a long coiled tube?

A

6 meters

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29
Q

Where is the epididymis located?

A

Behind each testis.

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30
Q

Where do the sperm cells undergo maturation?

A

epididymis

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31
Q

Another sperm duct that extends upward from the epididymis. It transports mature sperm cells to the urethra in preparation for ejaculation.

A

Vas deferens or ductus deferens

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32
Q

The discharge of semen through the urethra.

A

Ejaculation

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33
Q

A mixture of sperm cells and various secretions.

A

Semen

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34
Q

Where does the vas deferens or ductus deferens transport mature sperm cells in preparation for ejaculation?

35
Q

A tube that extends from the urinary bladder to the outside.

36
Q

About 20 centimeters in length, conveys urine from the bladder and transports semen to the outside of the body.

A

male urethra

37
Q

How long is the male urethra in length?

A

20 centimeters

38
Q

What are the three ducts?

A

Epididymis, Vas deferens or Ductus deference, Urethra

39
Q

Encloses the urethra. The male organ for sexual intercourse. It is composed of spongy tissue with blood spaces. These blood spaces are relatively empty when the organ is flaccid, but is filled with blood when penis is erect.

40
Q

This is blocked from the urethra in order to allow only semen to pass through during sexual intercourse.

A

flow of urine

41
Q

Twisted muscular tubes about 7.5cm long with many sac-like pouches. These are attached to the vas deferens near the base of the bladder. The glandular linings of the _ produce a thick, yellow, an alkaline secretion rich in sugar (fructose) that provides nourishment to the sperm cells.

A

seminal vesicles

42
Q

How long are the seminal vesicles?

43
Q

The _ of the seminal vesicles produce a thick, yellow, an alkaline secretion rich in sugar (fructose) that provides nourishment to the sperm cells.

A

glandular linings

44
Q

Located below the urinary bladder, where it surrounds the first part of the urethra. The ducts from the prostate carry its thin, alkaline secretions into the urethra. These fluids also help in nourishing the sperm cells.

A

Prostate Gland

45
Q

A pair of pea-sized organs located on the sides of the urethra just below the prostate gland.

A

Bulbourethral Glands

46
Q

Bulbourethral Glands are also referred to as? These glands secrete a clear and slippery fluid that lubricates the urethra and neutralizes acidity due to residual drops of urine in the urethra

A

Cowper’s glands

47
Q

The primary female reproductive organs where the female sex cells or ova are formed. These organs are the counterparts of the male testes.

48
Q

There are _ ovaries, each located on the opposite side of the uterus.

49
Q

There are two ovaries, each located on the opposite side of the uterus. Each ovary is small and is somewhat a flattened oval body measuring about?

A

1.4cm in length, 2cm in width, and 1cm in depth

50
Q

Ovaries serve as a storehouse for? Each month, one of these matures and releases an egg or ovum into the oviduct.

51
Q

The ovaries also serve in the production of the?

A

female hormones estrogen and progesterone

52
Q

These are vital for proper reproductive function.

53
Q

These extend from the upper sides of the uterus and lead up to the ovaries. These tubes transport the ova to the uterus. It takes about 5 days for an ovum to reach the uterus from the ovary.

A

Oviduct or Fallopian tubes

54
Q

What do Oviduct or Fallopian tubes transport to the uterus?

55
Q

How many does it take for an ovum to reach the uterus from the ovary?

56
Q

Also known as the womb. It is a pear-shaped muscular organ, about 7.5cm long, 5cm wide, and 2.5cm deep.

57
Q

Uterus is also known as the?

58
Q

What are the measurements of uterus?

A

7.5cm long, 5cm wide, and 2.5cm deep

59
Q

The _ inside the uterus is somewhat T-shaped, but it may change its shape and dilate as the fetus develops.

60
Q

The wider upper part of the uterus.

A

corpus or body

61
Q

The lower, narrower part of the uterus.

A

cervix or neck

62
Q

The lining of the uterus is a specialized epithelial tissue known as _ and is involved in menstruation.

A

endometrium

63
Q

Implants itself in the endometrium lining and develops in the uterus throughout pregnancy.

A

fertilized egg

64
Q

Situated between the vagina and uterus. It is the opening through which sperm cells must pass to fertilize an egg. It is also through the cervix where the baby exits the uterus and enters the vagina.

65
Q

A tube-like muscular structure measuring about 7.5cm that connects the internal reproductive organs with the external genitalia. It ends at the cervix and is the point and is the point of entry for the penis during sexual activity. It is the final passageway through which a baby exits at birth.

66
Q

How long is the vagina?

67
Q

What does the vagina connect?

A

internal reproductive organs with the external genitalia

68
Q

The male and female gametes differ in?

A

size, number, mobility

69
Q

Hormones are regulated by _ that secretes more GnRH.

A

Hypothalamus

70
Q

Since Hypothalamus secretes more GnRH, it causes?

A

Anterior Pituitary Activation

71
Q

Anterior Pituitary Activation releases?

A

luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

72
Q

Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) stimulate and control?

A

Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis

73
Q

The chemical substances secreted by the endocrine glands that have specific regulatory effects on cells in the different parts of the body.

74
Q

These contain hormone-containing vesicles that release the hormones directly into the bloodstream going into the target cells.

A

endocrine glands

75
Q

Some hormones, such as _ affect many tissues. Others affect only specific tissues.

A

growth hormones, insulin, thyroid hormones

76
Q

This hormone acts only on the thyroid glands.

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

77
Q

This hormone stimulate specifically the outer portion of the adrenal gland.

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

78
Q

Most of the hormones enter this to reach specific target cells.

A

bloodstream

79
Q

These are those acted upon specific hormones.

A

target cells

80
Q

They have receptors on the surface of their plasma membrane or within their cytoplasm that recognize only specific hormones.

81
Q

A protein molecule to which the hormone attaches.

A

receptor molecule

82
Q

A binding site that causes the target cell to perform a specific action.

A

hormone-receptor complex

83
Q

_ of hormones in the blood can cause specific regulatory effects on target cells or organs.

A

Minute contractions

84
Q

Their effects depend much on their?

A

concentration

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