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genetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

incomplete dominance

A

the heterozygote has an intermediate phenotype

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2
Q

co dominance

A

the heterozygote displays the result of both alleles

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3
Q

epistasis

A

one gene masks the expression of another

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4
Q

sex linkage

A

if a gene is on one of the sex chromosomes, the phenotype and a genotype ratios vary for males and females

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5
Q

dominant allele

A

if you have it, you have a parent who did

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6
Q

recessive alleles

A

can skip generations

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7
Q

sex linked

A

mostly seen in males, can skip generations

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8
Q

amniocentisis

A

14-20 weeks
small sample of amniotic fluid taken with a needle
fetal cells in the fluid are cultured
karyotype prepared
pro: can diagnose non disjunction disorders
con: small risk of miscarriage

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9
Q

chorionic villus sampling (cvs)

A

8-10 weeks
small sample of cells from placenta is extracted with a suction tube inserted through cervix –> can be cultured and karyotyped
pro: can diagnose non-disjunction disorders earlier than amniocentisis
con: small risk of miscarriage

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10
Q

trisomy 18

A

Edwards Syndrome
die within 1 year
organ abnormalities
small head/jaw

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11
Q

XXY

A

Klinefelter Syndrome
2n + 1
male
breast development and wide hips
learning disabilities
poor beard growth
infertile

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12
Q

monosomy

A

XO
2n-1
Turner Syndrome
female
no puberty
short stature
infertile

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13
Q

genotype

A

GG or gg or Gg

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14
Q

phenotype

A

purple or white flower

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15
Q

centromere

A

links a pair of sister chromatids (centre part of chromosome)

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16
Q

centriole

A

organelle near nucleus –> involved in development of spindle fibers

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17
Q

centrosome

A

facilitates organization of spindle fibers

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18
Q

chromosome

A

DNA molecule, made up of proteins and DNA organized into genes

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19
Q

chromatid

A

one of two identical halves of a chromosome that has been replicated

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20
Q

chromatin

A

mix of DNA + histones that form chromosomes –> packages long DNA to compact/dense structures

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21
Q

histone

A

protein found in chromatin, bind to DNA

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22
Q

nucleosome

A

segment of DNA wound around 8 histones

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23
Q

prophase

A

1st phase of mitosis where cells thicken and condense

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24
Q

metaphase

A

spindle captures all chromosomes and lines them up on opposite ends

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25
Q

anaphase

A

sister chromatids separate and pull towards opposite ends

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26
Q

telophase

A

cell is nearly done dividing and starts to re-establish normal structure

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27
Q

mitosis

A

4 stages of cell divisions

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28
Q

meiosis

A

mitosis for sex cells

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29
Q

sister chromatids

A

identical copies formed by DNA replication that are joined with centromere

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30
Q

crossing over

A

allows new combos of genes (alleles) even if they’re on same chromosomes

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31
Q

synapsis

A

pairing of homologous chromosomes

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32
Q

chiasma

A

site of crossing over

33
Q

tetrad

A

each pair of homologous chromosomes

34
Q

bivalent

A

a pair of homologous chrome

35
Q

ploidy

A

number of sets of chromosomes

36
Q

haploid

A

having a single set of unpaired chromosomes

37
Q

diploid

A

2 sets of chromosomes –> been paired (2 haploids = diploid)

38
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg

39
Q

somatic cell

A

every cell in the body that isn’t a sex cell

40
Q

gamete

A

sex cells

41
Q

cytokinesis

A

dividing of the cytoplasm

42
Q

nucleotide

A

monomer of nucleic acids made up of sugar, phospate, and a nitrogenous base

43
Q

nucleoside

A

nitrogenous base and sugar

44
Q

purine

A

adenine, guanine

45
Q

pyrimidine

A

thymine, cytosine, uracil

46
Q

ribose

A

sugar found in RNA

47
Q

deoxyribose

A

sugar found in DNA

48
Q

phosphate group

A

chemical group consisting of a phosphorous atom bonded to 4 oxygen atoms

49
Q

nitrogenous base

A

carbon ring structures that contains 1 or more atoms of nitrogen

50
Q

adenine

A

pairs w/ thymine in DNA

51
Q

cytosine

A

pairs w/ guanine in DNA

52
Q

guanine

A

pairs w/ cytosine in DNA

53
Q

thymine

A

pairs w/ adenine in DNA

54
Q

uracil

A

pairs w/ adenine in RNA

55
Q

hydrogen bond

A

weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom

56
Q

double helix

A

DNA shape

57
Q

non disjunction

A

error in meiosis in which homologs fail to separate

58
Q

aneuploidy

A

abnormal number of chromosomes

59
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribose nucleic acid

60
Q

RNA

A

ribose nucleic acid

61
Q

homologs/homologous chromosomes

A

pair of chromosomes with the same gene information

62
Q

deletion

A

removes a chromosomal segment

63
Q

translocation

A

fragment of homologous chromosome attachs to nonhomologous chromosomes

64
Q

inversion

A

segment of a chromosome is reversed end to end

65
Q

duplication

A

part of the chromosome is repeated

66
Q

mutation

A

random fertilization
phenylketonuria
any change in DNA sequence that can result from replication errors during cell division or DNA - damaging agents in environment

67
Q

spindle fibers

A

protein structures which move the chromosomes during cell division

68
Q

independent assortment

A

random distribution of pair of genes on different chromosomes to the gametes

69
Q

polymer

A

long chain of repeating subunits (nucleic acids, proteins, polysaccharides)

70
Q

monomer

A

subunits (monosaccharides, nucleotides, amino acids)

71
Q

prophase 1

A

chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane breaks down, crossing over occurs

72
Q

metophase 1

A

chromosomes line up in 2 rows w/ homologs

73
Q

anaphase 1

A

homologs separate

74
Q

telophase 1

A

chromosomes reach end of cells, nuclear membrane form

75
Q

prophase 11

A

new spindle forms around chromosomes

76
Q

metophase 11

A

centromes of paired chromosomes align

77
Q

anaphase 11

A

sister chromatids separate

78
Q

telophase 11

A

spindle fiber disappears, nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes (cytokinesis)

biology (4 decks)

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