body systems Flashcards
polysaccharides
long chains of monosaccharides
starch
long unbranched chains of glucose; plant storage from glucose
cellulose
long, interconnected chains of glucose
plant structural form used for cell walls, can’t digest dietary fibre
glycogen
long, many-branched chains of glucose, animal storage
stored short term in muscle + liver, lots of ends/parts to start digesting from
chitin
modified glucose, w/ nitrogen in long interconnected chains; used in fungi and arthropods
small intestine
long convoluted tube connecting to the stomach and large intestine
duodenum
receives secretions from liver (bile) and pancreas (pancreatic juice)
jejunum & ileum
chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients
monosaccharides
single ring sugars
glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose
disaccharides
double ring sugars
sucrose
glucose + fructose
maltose
glucose + glucose
lactose
glucose + galactose
pharynx
throat
passage for both food and air
teeth
20 decidous
32 adult
2 incisors
1 canine
2 premolars
3 molars
tongue
tasting: sweet, salty, umami, bitter, sour
forms a bolus
swallowing, speaking, chewing
digestion
process of breaking down large food sources into small molecules that can be absorbed by body
physical (chewing)
chemical (carbs –> sugars)
esophagus
muscular tube connecting to stomach
food moves via peristasis
hard and soft palate
roof of mouth
front: hard
back: soft
salivary glands
produce saliva made of: water, mucus, salivary amylase
parotid, submaxillary/submandibular, sublingual
salivary amylase
starch gets broken down into maltose
parotid gland
near ear
submaxillary/submandibular
under jaw
sublingual
under tongue
stomach
muscular bag containing cardiac sphincter and pyloric sphincter
chyme
increases surface area of food
acidic fluid passes from stomach to small intestine
diffusion
movement of individual molecules of a substance through a semipermeable barrier from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
breathing
moving air into and from the lungs
air pressure
force exerted on a surface by the air above it as gravity pulls it
systolic and diastolic pressure
pressure in arteries when heart beats and pressure in arteries when heart rests between beats
plaque
buildup of cholesterol and fat
anteriosclerosis
buildup of plaque in the inner lining of an artery
uvula and tonsils
- on either side of throat at back of mouth
- small finger shaped tissue that hangs down from soft palate
stent
mesh tube placed to keep blood vessel open
bypass
creates a new path for blood to flow around a blocked area
aneurysm
weakened wall in blood vessel, can occur anywhere
circulatory system
- circulatory fluid (blood or hemolymph)
- a set of tubes (blood vessels)
- a muscular pump (the heart)
atherosclerosis
buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on artery walls
angina
chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart
angioplasty
procedure used to open blocked coronary arteries
angiogram
takes x rays of the coronary arteries and the vessels that supply blood to the heart
pepsin
enzyme in stomach that breaks down proteins in food during digestion
skin respiration
gas exchange occurs across skin instead of gills or lungs
gills
extract dissolved oxygen from water and excrete carbon dioxide
spiracles
external respiratory opening
tracheae
airway that leads from larynx to bronchi
lungs
air filled organs located on either side of chest with several tubular branches called bronchi
respiratory surface
area or space where gas exchanges take place
nasal cavity
space inside nose
larynx
hollow tube that lets air pass from pharynx to trachea
epiglottis
small, movable “lid” above larynx that prevents food and drink from entering windpipe
cilia
hair like projections that line the bronchus
move microbes and debris up and out of airways
mucus escalator
inside of conducting airways and has mucus and cilia
moves mucus up and out of lungs –> can be expelled by coughing or swallowing
glottis
middle part of larynx
area where vocal cords are located
vocal cords
folds of tissue that project inward from sides of larynx to form a slit across glottis
edges vibrate in airstream to produce sound
turbinates
small structures inside nose
cleanse and humidify air that passes through nostrils to lungs
alveoli
tiny air sacs at end of bronchioles
where lungs and blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide when breathing
bronchi
large tubes that connect the trachea and direct air you breathe to right and left lungs
bronchioles
tiny branch of air tubes in lungs
diaphragm
major muscle of respiration
pleural membrane
folds back on itself to form a two layered membranous pleural sac
covers the lungs and lines the chest cavity
interpleural space
potential space between pleurae of pleural sac that surrounds each lung
interpleural fluid
liquid located between pleura
intercostals
muscles that run between the ribs and help form and move chest wall
tidal volume
the volume of air that is exhaled in a normal breath
7ml/kg
inspiratory reserve volume
volume inhaled after normal inhalation
expiratory reserve volume
volume of air that can be exhaled after normal exhale
vital capacity
the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation
residual volume
volume of air that cannot be expelled
can only be measured in cadavers
total lung capacity
max volume of air contained in lungs (alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi) and trachea
counter current flow
build up concentrations, heat or other properties of flowing liquids
air sacs
spaces within organisms where there is constant pressure of air
medulla oblongata
bottom most part of brain
where brain and spinal chord connect
controls vital processes like heartbeat, breathing and blood pressure
pulmonary circuit
moves deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to lungs so the blood can be resaturated
systemic circuit
provides functional blood supply to all body tissue
cardiac circuit
provides heart muscle with oxygenated blood
left ventricle
heart’s main pumping chamber
pumps blood full of oxygen out to the body
right ventricle
pumps oxygen-low blood to the lungs
pulmonary circuit
right atrium
takes in oxygen low blood from body and empties it into right ventricle
left atrium
receives blood full of oxygen from lungs and empties it into left ventricle
aorta
main artery that carries blood away from your heart to the rest of your body
vena cava
large vein that carries blood to the heart from other areas of the body
artery
blood vessels that bring oxygen-rich blood from heart to all body cells
vein
any tube part of blood circulation system that carries oxygen-less blood towards heart
capillary
delicate blood vessels that exist throughout body
transport blood, nutrients and oxygen to cells in your organs and body systems
smallest blood vessels in vascular system
pulmonary artery
transports deoxygenated blood from right side of heart to lungs for oxygenation
pulmonary vein
blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood from lungs to heart
septum
divides right and left for heart and nose
semilunar valve
between aorta and left ventricle
pulmonary artery and right ventricle
bicuspid
left
tricuspid
right
erythrocyte
red blood cell without a nucleus
pigment hemoglobin
leukocyte
blood cell that is made in the bone marrow and found in the blood and lymph tissue
thrombocyte
platelet
small colourless disk-shaped cell fragment without a nucleus, found in large numbers in blood and involved in clotting
plasma
light amber coloured liquid
blood cells aren’t present
found in blood
bone marrow
soft, spongy tissue that has many blood vessels and is found in the center of most bones
hemoglobin
a red protein responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood
antibody
proteins generated by our immune system in response to infectious agents
antigen
can bind to a specific antibody or T-cell receptor
presence in the body may trigger an immune response
clotting
important process that prevents excessive bleeding when a blood vessel is injured
blood groups
A, B, AB and O
determined by genetics
s-a node
generates an electrical signal that causes atria to contract
a-v node
passed down from sa node to ventricles to contract/pump
ecg
simple test that can be used to check your heart’s rhythm and electrical activity
heart rate
beats per minute
lymph
clear-to-white fluid made of white blood cells
attack bacteria in blood and body tissues
lymph nodes
filter substances that travel through the lymphatic fluid, and they contain lymphocytes (white blood cells) that help the body fight infection and disease
heterotrophs
eat other plants or animals
autotrophs
produce own food using light, water, etc
intracellular digestion
digestion which takes place within the cytoplasm of the organism
extracellular digestion
animals feed by secreting enzymes through the cell membrane onto the food
enzyme
proteins that accelerate chemical reactions
substrate
on which an enzyme can act
enamel
hardest substance in the human body and serves as the wear-resistant outer layer of the dental crown
dentine
main supporting structure of the tooth and is the second hardest tissue in the body after enamel
pulp
center part of a tooth comprised of connective tissue, blood vessels, and cells
root
the part of the tooth that is below the gums
saliva
extracellular fluid produced and secreted by salivary glands
oral cavity
mouth
cardiac sphincter
circular band of muscle that is located between the esophagus and stomach
pyloric sphincter
gateway between the stomach and the small intestine
rugae
folds in the stomach lining
peristalsis
series of wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract
liver
upper right-hand portion of the abdominal cavity,
processes blood from the stomach and intestines and breaks down, balances, and creates the nutrients and also metabolizes drugs
gall bladder
storage pouch for bile, a liquid that aids digestion
bile
emulsifies fats, breaking large drops into smaller droplets (physical digestion)
emulsification
process of dispersing two or more immiscible liquids together to form a semistable mixture
pancreas
located inside your abdomen, just behind your stomach
bicarbonate
single carbon molecule
helps in cellular pH regulation
ileocecal sphincter
in between ileum and colon
caecum
pouch between small and large intestines
large intestine
function is to absorb water from chyme, producing semisolid feces
ascending colon
right side of abdominal cavity
transverse colon
passes horizontally across abdomen and underneath other organs in abdominal cavity
descending colon
left part that passes downwards, stores remains of digested food
sigmoid colon
s shaped section connecting to rectum
rectum
last several inches of large intestine closest to anus
anus
end of digestive system
appendix
finger-shaped pouch that projects out from the colon
villus
any of the small, slender, vascular projections that increase the surface area of a membrane
lacteal
inside intestinal villi
microvilli
finger-like membrane protrusions, supported by the actin cytoskeleton
pepsin
enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins in food during digestion
pancreatic amylase
starch –> maltose
trypsin
enzyme in the first section of the small intestine that starts the digestion of protein molecules by cutting long chains of amino acid
maltase
enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of disaccharide maltose into two simple sugars of glucose
sucrase
enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of cane sugar, or sucrose, to the simple sugars glucose and fructose
lactase
enzyme that breaks down lactose –> sugar in milk and milk products
lipase
enzyme the body uses to break down fats in food
insulin
helps blood sugar enter the body’s cells so it can be used for energy
glucagon
hormone that your pancreas makes to help regulate your blood glucose (sugar) levels
lipids
help control what goes in and out of your cells
carbohyrdates
sugars, fibers, and starches
proteins
found in muscle, bone, skin, hair, and virtually every other body part or tissue
essential amino acids
histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine
vitamin a
vision, growth, cell division, reproduction and immunity
vitamin c
controlling infections and healing wounds
vitamin d
help the body absorb and retain calcium and phosphorus - helps build bones
vitamin e
vision, reproduction, and the health of your blood, brain and skin
vitamin k
helping the blood clot, preventing excessive bleeding
fat soluble vitamins
Vitamins A, D, E, and K
water soluble vitamins
B and C vitamins
cck
hormone
chole (bile) cysto (bag) kinin (move)
pancreatic juice
bicarbonate ions to neutralize acid and enzymes: pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase, trypsinogen
trypsinogen
gets converted to trypsin in the duodenum, which digests proteins –> smaller polypeptides
homeostasis
maintenance of constant conditions
negative feedback loop - each hormone turns off its own production
