body systems Flashcards
1
Q
polysaccharides
A
long chains of monosaccharides
2
Q
starch
A
long unbranched chains of glucose; plant storage from glucose
3
Q
cellulose
A
long, interconnected chains of glucose
plant structural form used for cell walls, can’t digest dietary fibre
4
Q
glycogen
A
long, many-branched chains of glucose, animal storage
stored short term in muscle + liver, lots of ends/parts to start digesting from
5
Q
chitin
A
modified glucose, w/ nitrogen in long interconnected chains; used in fungi and arthropods
6
Q
small intestine
A
long convoluted tube connecting to the stomach and large intestine
7
Q
duodenum
A
receives secretions from liver (bile) and pancreas (pancreatic juice)
8
Q
jejunum & ileum
A
chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients
9
Q
monosaccharides
A
single ring sugars
glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose
10
Q
disaccharides
A
double ring sugars
11
Q
sucrose
A
glucose + fructose
12
Q
maltose
A
glucose + glucose
13
Q
lactose
A
glucose + galactose
14
Q
pharynx
A
throat
passage for both food and air
15
Q
teeth
A
20 decidous
32 adult
2 incisors
1 canine
2 premolars
3 molars
16
Q
tongue
A
tasting: sweet, salty, umami, bitter, sour
forms a bolus
swallowing, speaking, chewing
17
Q
digestion
A
process of breaking down large food sources into small molecules that can be absorbed by body
physical (chewing)
chemical (carbs –> sugars)
18
Q
esophagus
A
muscular tube connecting to stomach
food moves via peristasis
19
Q
hard and soft palate
A
roof of mouth
front: hard
back: soft
20
Q
salivary glands
A
produce saliva made of: water, mucus, salivary amylase
parotid, submaxillary/submandibular, sublingual
21
Q
salivary amylase
A
starch gets broken down into maltose
22
Q
parotid gland
A
near ear
23
Q
submaxillary/submandibular
A
under jaw
24
Q
sublingual
A
under tongue
25
stomach
muscular bag containing cardiac sphincter and pyloric sphincter
26
chyme
increases surface area of food
acidic fluid passes from stomach to small intestine
27
diffusion
movement of individual molecules of a substance through a semipermeable barrier from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
28
breathing
moving air into and from the lungs
29
air pressure
force exerted on a surface by the air above it as gravity pulls it
30
systolic and diastolic pressure
pressure in arteries when heart beats and pressure in arteries when heart rests between beats
31
plaque
buildup of cholesterol and fat
32
anteriosclerosis
buildup of plaque in the inner lining of an artery
33
uvula and tonsils
- on either side of throat at back of mouth
- small finger shaped tissue that hangs down from soft palate
34
stent
mesh tube placed to keep blood vessel open
35
bypass
creates a new path for blood to flow around a blocked area
36
aneurysm
weakened wall in blood vessel, can occur anywhere
37
circulatory system
- circulatory fluid (blood or hemolymph)
- a set of tubes (blood vessels)
- a muscular pump (the heart)
38
atherosclerosis
buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on artery walls
39
angina
chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart
40
angioplasty
procedure used to open blocked coronary arteries
41
angiogram
takes x rays of the coronary arteries and the vessels that supply blood to the heart
42
pepsin
enzyme in stomach that breaks down proteins in food during digestion
43
skin respiration
gas exchange occurs across skin instead of gills or lungs
44
gills
extract dissolved oxygen from water and excrete carbon dioxide
45
spiracles
external respiratory opening
46
tracheae
airway that leads from larynx to bronchi
47
lungs
air filled organs located on either side of chest with several tubular branches called bronchi
48
respiratory surface
area or space where gas exchanges take place
49
nasal cavity
space inside nose
50
larynx
hollow tube that lets air pass from pharynx to trachea
51
epiglottis
small, movable "lid" above larynx that prevents food and drink from entering windpipe
52
cilia
hair like projections that line the bronchus
move microbes and debris up and out of airways
53
mucus escalator
inside of conducting airways and has mucus and cilia
moves mucus up and out of lungs --> can be expelled by coughing or swallowing
54
glottis
middle part of larynx
area where vocal cords are located
55
vocal cords
folds of tissue that project inward from sides of larynx to form a slit across glottis
edges vibrate in airstream to produce sound
56
turbinates
small structures inside nose
cleanse and humidify air that passes through nostrils to lungs
57
alveoli
tiny air sacs at end of bronchioles
where lungs and blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide when breathing
58
bronchi
large tubes that connect the trachea and direct air you breathe to right and left lungs
59
bronchioles
tiny branch of air tubes in lungs
60
diaphragm
major muscle of respiration
61
pleural membrane
folds back on itself to form a two layered membranous pleural sac
covers the lungs and lines the chest cavity
62
interpleural space
potential space between pleurae of pleural sac that surrounds each lung
63
interpleural fluid
liquid located between pleura
64
intercostals
muscles that run between the ribs and help form and move chest wall
65
tidal volume
the volume of air that is exhaled in a normal breath
7ml/kg
66
inspiratory reserve volume
volume inhaled after normal inhalation
67
expiratory reserve volume
volume of air that can be exhaled after normal exhale
68
vital capacity
the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation
69
residual volume
volume of air that cannot be expelled
can only be measured in cadavers
70
total lung capacity
max volume of air contained in lungs (alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi) and trachea
71
counter current flow
build up concentrations, heat or other properties of flowing liquids
72
air sacs
spaces within organisms where there is constant pressure of air
73
medulla oblongata
bottom most part of brain
where brain and spinal chord connect
controls vital processes like heartbeat, breathing and blood pressure
74
pulmonary circuit
moves deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to lungs so the blood can be resaturated
75
systemic circuit
provides functional blood supply to all body tissue
76
cardiac circuit
provides heart muscle with oxygenated blood
77
left ventricle
heart's main pumping chamber
pumps blood full of oxygen out to the body
78
right ventricle
pumps oxygen-low blood to the lungs
pulmonary circuit
79
right atrium
takes in oxygen low blood from body and empties it into right ventricle
80
left atrium
receives blood full of oxygen from lungs and empties it into left ventricle
81
aorta
main artery that carries blood away from your heart to the rest of your body
82
vena cava
large vein that carries blood to the heart from other areas of the body
83
artery
blood vessels that bring oxygen-rich blood from heart to all body cells
84
vein
any tube part of blood circulation system that carries oxygen-less blood towards heart
85
capillary
delicate blood vessels that exist throughout body
transport blood, nutrients and oxygen to cells in your organs and body systems
smallest blood vessels in vascular system
86
pulmonary artery
transports deoxygenated blood from right side of heart to lungs for oxygenation
87
pulmonary vein
blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood from lungs to heart
88
septum
divides right and left for heart and nose
89
semilunar valve
between aorta and left ventricle
pulmonary artery and right ventricle
90
bicuspid
left
91
tricuspid
right
92
erythrocyte
red blood cell without a nucleus
pigment hemoglobin
93
leukocyte
blood cell that is made in the bone marrow and found in the blood and lymph tissue
94
thrombocyte
platelet
small colourless disk-shaped cell fragment without a nucleus, found in large numbers in blood and involved in clotting
95
plasma
light amber coloured liquid
blood cells aren't present
found in blood
96
bone marrow
soft, spongy tissue that has many blood vessels and is found in the center of most bones
97
hemoglobin
a red protein responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood
98
antibody
proteins generated by our immune system in response to infectious agents
99
antigen
can bind to a specific antibody or T-cell receptor
presence in the body may trigger an immune response
100
clotting
important process that prevents excessive bleeding when a blood vessel is injured
101
blood groups
A, B, AB and O
determined by genetics
102
s-a node
generates an electrical signal that causes atria to contract
103
a-v node
passed down from sa node to ventricles to contract/pump
104
ecg
simple test that can be used to check your heart's rhythm and electrical activity
105
heart rate
beats per minute
106
lymph
clear-to-white fluid made of white blood cells
attack bacteria in blood and body tissues
107
lymph nodes
filter substances that travel through the lymphatic fluid, and they contain lymphocytes (white blood cells) that help the body fight infection and disease
108
heterotrophs
eat other plants or animals
109
autotrophs
produce own food using light, water, etc
110
intracellular digestion
digestion which takes place within the cytoplasm of the organism
111
extracellular digestion
animals feed by secreting enzymes through the cell membrane onto the food
112
enzyme
proteins that accelerate chemical reactions
113
substrate
on which an enzyme can act
114
enamel
hardest substance in the human body and serves as the wear-resistant outer layer of the dental crown
115
dentine
main supporting structure of the tooth and is the second hardest tissue in the body after enamel
116
pulp
center part of a tooth comprised of connective tissue, blood vessels, and cells
117
root
the part of the tooth that is below the gums
118
saliva
extracellular fluid produced and secreted by salivary glands
119
oral cavity
mouth
120
cardiac sphincter
circular band of muscle that is located between the esophagus and stomach
121
pyloric sphincter
gateway between the stomach and the small intestine
122
rugae
folds in the stomach lining
123
peristalsis
series of wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract
124
liver
upper right-hand portion of the abdominal cavity,
processes blood from the stomach and intestines and breaks down, balances, and creates the nutrients and also metabolizes drugs
125
gall bladder
storage pouch for bile, a liquid that aids digestion
126
bile
emulsifies fats, breaking large drops into smaller droplets (physical digestion)
127
emulsification
process of dispersing two or more immiscible liquids together to form a semistable mixture
128
pancreas
located inside your abdomen, just behind your stomach
129
bicarbonate
single carbon molecule
helps in cellular pH regulation
130
ileocecal sphincter
in between ileum and colon
131
caecum
pouch between small and large intestines
132
large intestine
function is to absorb water from chyme, producing semisolid feces
133
ascending colon
right side of abdominal cavity
134
transverse colon
passes horizontally across abdomen and underneath other organs in abdominal cavity
135
descending colon
left part that passes downwards, stores remains of digested food
136
sigmoid colon
s shaped section connecting to rectum
137
rectum
last several inches of large intestine closest to anus
138
anus
end of digestive system
139
appendix
finger-shaped pouch that projects out from the colon
140
villus
any of the small, slender, vascular projections that increase the surface area of a membrane
141
lacteal
inside intestinal villi
142
microvilli
finger-like membrane protrusions, supported by the actin cytoskeleton
143
pepsin
enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins in food during digestion
144
pancreatic amylase
starch --> maltose
145
trypsin
enzyme in the first section of the small intestine that starts the digestion of protein molecules by cutting long chains of amino acid
146
maltase
enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of disaccharide maltose into two simple sugars of glucose
147
sucrase
enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of cane sugar, or sucrose, to the simple sugars glucose and fructose
148
lactase
enzyme that breaks down lactose --> sugar in milk and milk products
149
lipase
enzyme the body uses to break down fats in food
150
insulin
helps blood sugar enter the body's cells so it can be used for energy
151
glucagon
hormone that your pancreas makes to help regulate your blood glucose (sugar) levels
152
lipids
help control what goes in and out of your cells
153
carbohyrdates
sugars, fibers, and starches
154
proteins
found in muscle, bone, skin, hair, and virtually every other body part or tissue
155
essential amino acids
histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine
156
vitamin a
vision, growth, cell division, reproduction and immunity
157
vitamin c
controlling infections and healing wounds
158
vitamin d
help the body absorb and retain calcium and phosphorus - helps build bones
159
vitamin e
vision, reproduction, and the health of your blood, brain and skin
160
vitamin k
helping the blood clot, preventing excessive bleeding
161
fat soluble vitamins
Vitamins A, D, E, and K
162
water soluble vitamins
B and C vitamins
163
cck
hormone
chole (bile) cysto (bag) kinin (move)
164
pancreatic juice
bicarbonate ions to neutralize acid and enzymes: pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase, trypsinogen
165
trypsinogen
gets converted to trypsin in the duodenum, which digests proteins --> smaller polypeptides
166
homeostasis
maintenance of constant conditions
negative feedback loop - each hormone turns off its own production
