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evolution Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

artificial selection

A

a type of selection where humans choose which individuals

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2
Q

natural selection

A

a type of selection where the environment chooses which individuals survive and reproduce

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3
Q

sexual selection

A

a type of selection where one sex (usually female) chooses which individuals reproduce

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4
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

systematic difference in form between individuals of different sex in the same species

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5
Q

niche

A

specific role an organism plays in a community

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6
Q

fitness

A
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7
Q

adaptations

A
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8
Q

variation

A
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9
Q

selective pressure

A
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10
Q

inheritance of acquired characters

A
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11
Q

vestigial structures

A
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12
Q

analogous vs homologous

A

either evolving from a shared ancestor or adapting similar traits because of environment

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13
Q

convergent evolution

A

species that don’t have a common ancestor but have similar traits

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14
Q

HW equilibrium

A
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15
Q

genetic drift

A

causes change in allele frequences that are random
bigger influence on smaller populations because each individual has a larger percentage of total alleles

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16
Q

founder effect

A

founders aren’t a representative sample of the parent population, new population will have different allele frequencies

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17
Q

bottleneck effect

A

population size reduced because of external causes

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18
Q

gene flow

A
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19
Q

directional selection

A

one extreme is favoured

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20
Q

stabilizing selection

A

mean is favoured

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21
Q

disruptive selection

A

may lead to speciation

22
Q

balancing selection

A
23
Q

frequency dependant selection

A
24
Q

heterozygote advantage

A

if fitness of heterozygote genotype is higher than the homozygotes, both alelles will be maintained

25
Q

coevolution

A
26
Q

punctuated equilibrium

A

evolutionary change can proceed in quick steps, followed by long periods of no change

27
Q

monophyletic group

A

ancestor and all descendants

28
Q

paraphyletic group

A

missing some descendants

29
Q

polyphyletic group

A

missing ancestor or combining distant groups

30
Q

endosymbiosis

A

transition from prokaryotic to eukaryotic

31
Q

prokaryotic

A

no nucleus
no membrane bound organelles
small
circular chromosome
70s ribosomess
bacteria

32
Q

eukaryotic

A

nucleus
membrane bound organelles
bigger
linear chromosomes
80s ribosomes
animals, plants, fungi

33
Q

abiogenisis

A

origin of life from non-living molecules

34
Q

miller-urey experiment

A
35
Q

phospholipids

A
36
Q

allopatric speciation

A

occurs due to geographic isolation

37
Q

sympatric speciation

A

occurs due to any other isolating mechanism

38
Q

reproductive isolation

A
39
Q

prezygotic mechanisms

A
40
Q

geographic isolation

A

a physical geographic barrier separates the populations

41
Q

habitat isolation

A

populations live in different habitats, even if in the same geographic area

42
Q

temporal isolation

A

populations mate at different times

43
Q

behavioural isolation

A

populations have different mating rituals

44
Q

mechanical isolation

A

populations have different body shapes that wont fit together

45
Q

gametic isolation

A

different sperm will not fertilize the egg of a different species

46
Q

postzygotic mechanisms

A
47
Q

hybrid inviability

A
48
Q

hybrid sterility

A
49
Q

gradualism

A

constant change

50
Q

frequently dependent selection

A

when natural selection favours traits that are rare
they become common and lose advantage
balances allele frequency

51
Q

Lamarck

A

proposed “inheritance of acquired characters”
incorrect because it suggests individuals life can cause changes that get passed down to offspring

52
Q

altrusion

A

helping behaviours that maximize fitness

biology (4 decks)

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