evolution

Question 1

artificial selection

Answer 1

a type of selection where humans choose which individuals

Question 2

natural selection

Answer 2

a type of selection where the environment chooses which individuals survive and reproduce

Question 3

sexual selection

Answer 3

a type of selection where one sex (usually female) chooses which individuals reproduce

Question 4

sexual dimorphism

Answer 4

systematic difference in form between individuals of different sex in the same species

Question 5

niche

Answer 5

specific role an organism plays in a community

Question 6

fitness

Question 7

adaptations

Question 8

variation

Question 9

selective pressure

Question 10

inheritance of acquired characters

Question 11

vestigial structures

Question 12

analogous vs homologous

Answer 12

either evolving from a shared ancestor or adapting similar traits because of environment

Question 13

convergent evolution

Answer 13

species that don’t have a common ancestor but have similar traits

Question 14

HW equilibrium

Question 15

genetic drift

Answer 15

causes change in allele frequences that are random
bigger influence on smaller populations because each individual has a larger percentage of total alleles

Question 16

founder effect

Answer 16

founders aren’t a representative sample of the parent population, new population will have different allele frequencies

Question 17

bottleneck effect

Answer 17

population size reduced because of external causes

Question 18

gene flow

Question 19

directional selection

Answer 19

one extreme is favoured

Question 20

stabilizing selection

Answer 20

mean is favoured

Question 21

disruptive selection

Answer 21

may lead to speciation

Question 22

balancing selection

Question 23

frequency dependant selection

Question 24

heterozygote advantage

Answer 24

if fitness of heterozygote genotype is higher than the homozygotes, both alelles will be maintained

Question 25

coevolution

Question 26

punctuated equilibrium

Answer 26

evolutionary change can proceed in quick steps, followed by long periods of no change

Question 27

monophyletic group

Answer 27

ancestor and all descendants

Question 28

paraphyletic group

Answer 28

missing some descendants

Question 29

polyphyletic group

Answer 29

missing ancestor or combining distant groups

Question 30

endosymbiosis

Answer 30

transition from prokaryotic to eukaryotic

Question 31

prokaryotic

Answer 31

no nucleus no membrane bound organelles small circular chromosome 70s ribosomess bacteria

Question 32

eukaryotic

Answer 32

nucleus membrane bound organelles bigger linear chromosomes 80s ribosomes animals, plants, fungi

Question 33

abiogenisis

Answer 33

origin of life from non-living molecules

Question 34

miller-urey experiment

Question 35

phospholipids

Question 36

allopatric speciation

Answer 36

occurs due to geographic isolation

Question 37

sympatric speciation

Answer 37

occurs due to any other isolating mechanism

Question 38

reproductive isolation

Question 39

prezygotic mechanisms

Question 40

geographic isolation

Answer 40

a physical geographic barrier separates the populations

Question 41

habitat isolation

Answer 41

populations live in different habitats, even if in the same geographic area

Question 42

temporal isolation

Answer 42

populations mate at different times

Question 43

behavioural isolation

Answer 43

populations have different mating rituals

Question 44

mechanical isolation

Answer 44

populations have different body shapes that wont fit together

Question 45

gametic isolation

Answer 45

different sperm will not fertilize the egg of a different species

Question 46

postzygotic mechanisms

Question 47

hybrid inviability

Question 48

hybrid sterility

Question 49

gradualism

Answer 49

constant change

Question 50

frequently dependent selection

Answer 50

when natural selection favours traits that are rare they become common and lose advantage balances allele frequency

Question 51

Lamarck

Answer 51

proposed "inheritance of acquired characters" incorrect because it suggests individuals life can cause changes that get passed down to offspring

Question 52

altrusion

Answer 52

helping behaviours that maximize fitness