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diversity Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

taxa

A

group of one or more populations of organisms that form a unit

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2
Q

domain

A

highest taxonomic rank in the heirarchical biological classifaction system, above the kingdom level

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3
Q

kingdom

A

living things are divided into 5: animal, plant, fungi, protein and monera

in between domain and phylumbelow kingdom, above class

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4
Q

phylum

A

below kingdom, above class

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5
Q

class

A

above order, below phylum

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6
Q

order

A

below class, above family

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7
Q

family

A

below order, above genus

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8
Q

genus

A

below family, above species

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9
Q

species

A

lowest of taxonomy, defines groupings of biological organisms based on their shared characteristics

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10
Q

specific epithet

A

second uncapitalized word in scientific name of a species, following name of genus

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11
Q

plasmid

A

small, extrachromosomal DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently

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12
Q

coccus

A

any spherical or roughly spherical bacterium

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13
Q

bacillus

A

rod-shaped, endospore forming aerobic bacteria

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14
Q

spirillum

A

bacterium with rigid spiral structure, not flexible, thick, long, move with flagella, spiral

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15
Q

streplo

A

grow in chains

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16
Q

staphylo

A

form clumps

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17
Q

pili

A

hair-like appendage found on the surface of many bacteria and archae

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18
Q

peptidoglycan

A

substance in the cell walls of bacteria

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19
Q

bacteriophage

A

viruses

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20
Q

capsid

A

protect DNA or RNA material

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21
Q

autotroph

A

organism that can produce its own food using light, water, CO2 and other chemicals

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22
Q

photoautotroph

A

capable of using light as the energy source in the synthesis of food from inorganic matter

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23
Q

heterotroph

A

organism that eats other plants or animals for energy and nutrients

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24
Q

extremophile

A

organisms with the ability to thrive in extreme environments

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25
Q

pathogen

A

organism causing disease to its host

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26
Q

root nodules

A

symbiotic plant microbe composites in which microorganisms receive energy from plants and reduce dinitrogen

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27
Q

legumes

A

any plant from fabacae family that would include its leaves, stems and pods

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28
Q

pseudopods

A

temporary projection of cytoplasm of certain cells, such as phagocytes or certain unicellular organisms, such as amoebas that serves in locomotion

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29
Q

contractile vacuole

A

specialized type of vacuole that regulates the quantity of water inside a cell

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30
Q

cilia

A

hair like projections that move microbes and debris up and out of the airways

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31
Q

flagellum

A

slender, threadlike structure, especially a microscopic appendage that enables many protozoa, bacteria, spermatozoa, etc to swim

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32
Q

oral groove

A

mouth of the paramecium

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33
Q

food vacuole

A

organelle found in asimple eukaryotes such as protists

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34
Q

amoeba

A

type of cell/unicellular organism with ability to extract or retract pseudopods, found in every major lineage of eukaryotic organisms

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35
Q

paramecium

A

genus of microscopic, single celled and free living protozoans

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36
Q

diatoms

A

photosynthesising algae found in almost every aquatic environment (fresh and marine)

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37
Q

euglena

A

genus of more than 1,000 species of single celled flgaellated microorganisms that feature both plant and animal characteristics

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38
Q

plasmodium

A

genus of unicellular eukaryotes that are obligate parasites

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39
Q

physarum

A

genus of mycetozoan slime molds in the family physaraceae

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40
Q

zygosporangium

A

produces diploid nuclei in many fungi and protists

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41
Q

basidium

A

a microscopic, club-shaped spore-bearing structure produced by certain fungi

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42
Q

ascus

A

a sac, typically cylindrical in shape, in which the spores of ascomycete fungi develop

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43
Q

virus

A

nonliving particle that invades and then reproduces inside a living cell
smaller than a cell and comes in many shapes
have some type of genetic material in the form of DNA or RNA

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44
Q

virus replication and reproduction

A

need a host
problem for the host
anything that is alive can be a host

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45
Q

lytic cycle

A

virus attaches to a host cell, binds to a receptor and injects DNA or RNA which generally goes unnoticed as it can be tricked into being a food particle etc
takes the genetic material from the virus and starts following instructions to make copies of the virus

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46
Q

lysogenic cycle

A

inject genetic material, genetic material stays hidden, when host makes new cell, virus also replicates, daughter cells do the same, all cells that have viral genetic material can start assembling virus

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47
Q

HIV

A

virus that can lead to AIDS
binds to a CO4 glycoprotein that is found on the surface of Helper T cells which protect the body via the immune system and the virus goes after immune cells –> makes the infected vulnerable to more infections
medications developed can stop working when virus mutates

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48
Q

domain eukarya

A

includes all eukaryotes
3 well defined kingdoms + protists

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49
Q

protists

A

very diverse and are not a monophyletic group

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50
Q

animal like protists

A

heterotrophic
amoeba, paramecium

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51
Q

plant like protists

A

autotrophic
euglena, diatoms, kelp

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52
Q

hyphae

A

thin threads that have a huge surface area for absorption of nutrients

53
Q

mycelium

A

total of all hyphae

54
Q

dikaryotic cells

A

(n+n) have 2 nuclei, form from the fusion of 2 haploid hyphae

55
Q

spores

A

haploid cells that can grow into haploid individuals

56
Q

gametes

A

haploid cells that need to fuse with other gametes to mate a diploid individual

57
Q

ipsilateral

A

same side

58
Q

contralateral

A

opposite side

59
Q

medial

A

toward the midline

60
Q

lateral

A

away from the midline, sides

61
Q

anterior

A

front

62
Q

posterior

A

back

63
Q

dorsal

A

toward the back

64
Q

ventral

A

belly side, toward front

65
Q

distal

A

farther from the trunk of the body

66
Q

proximal

A

nearer to the trunk of the body

67
Q

symbiosis

A

a close relationship between two species that benefits atleast one of the species

68
Q

motile

A

capable of movement

69
Q

sessile

A

fixed in one place, immobile

70
Q

amoebocyte

A

within the body wall of a sponge, a specialized cell that crawls about and delivers nutrients from the choanocytes to the rest of the body cells

71
Q

endoderm

A

the innermost layer of tissue

72
Q

mesoderm

A

middle layer of tissue

73
Q

ectoderm

A

outermost layer of tissue

74
Q

auricles

A

“flaps” on the atria to increase the volume of the chamber

75
Q

choanocyte

A

collar cells that line the body cavity and have flagella that circulate water in sponges

76
Q

cnidocyte

A

a stinging cell of a cnidarian

77
Q

anemone

A

a brightly coloured sea animal that resembles a flower and has a cluster of tentacles around the mouth

78
Q

radial

A

pertaining to the radius

79
Q

cnidarian

A

a radially symmetrical invertebrate that uses stinging cells to capture food and defend itself

80
Q

bilateral

A

both sides

81
Q

pharynx

A

sucks in food and spits it back out after - seen in planaria

82
Q

polyp

A

the sessile, tubular form of a cnidarian with a mouth and tentacles at one end and a basal disk at the other

83
Q

spicule

A

a needle of silica or calcium carbonate in the skeleton of some sponges

84
Q

sea jelly

A

represents motile medusa stage, cnidarian

85
Q

nomatocyst

A

found in tentacles of jellyfish, venomous coiled thread that can be used for self defense and capturing prey

86
Q

gastrovascular cavity

A

digestive chamber with a single opening

87
Q

osculum

A

opening at the top of the sponge

88
Q

ostia

A

the intake pores on a sponge

89
Q

planaria

A

the class of free-living flatworms, phylum platyhelminthes

90
Q

porifera

A

the phylum of sponges

91
Q

coral

A

the limestone skeleton of a tiny sea animal

92
Q

cephilization

A

the concentration of sensory and brain structures in the anterior end of the animal

93
Q

platyhelminthes

A

phylum of flatworms

94
Q

tapeworm

A

a parasitic flatworm characterized by the absence of a digestive tract, and a long body of repeated units

95
Q

mesoglea

A

in cnidarians, the jellylike material located between the ectoderm and the endoderm

96
Q

medusa

A

motile cnidarian with a bell-shaped body and tentacles

97
Q

protostomes

A

blastopore becomes mouth
arthropods, annelids, nematodes, molluscs

98
Q

deuterostomes

A

blastopore becomes anus
chordates, echinoderms

99
Q

segmented worms

A

earthworms, leeches

100
Q

class polychaeta

A

polychaete worms - marine

101
Q

class oligochaeta

A

earthworms - terrestrial

102
Q

class hirudinea

A

leeches - freshwater

103
Q

earthworms

A

3 tissue layers, bilateral symmetry, tube digestive system, protostome development, seta to grip soil, segmented bodies (repeating parts)

104
Q

arthropods

A

segmented bodies, exoskeleton of chitin, jointed appendages

105
Q

class insecta

A

ants, bees, wasps, beetles, butterflies, moths, flies, mosquitos, dragonflies, grasshoppers, crickets, roaches, termites
-2 antennae
-6 legs
-head, thorax, and abdomen
-compound eyes
-have spiracles and trachea
-only vertebrae that can fly
-elaborate mouthparts
-undergo metamorphosis

106
Q

class arachnida

A

spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites - 8 legs

107
Q

class crustacea

A

crabs, lobster, shrimp, pillbugs (potatoe bugs) - 10 legs

108
Q

class myriapoda

A

centipedes, millipedes - many legs

109
Q

phylum mollusca

A

have a mantle which is used for many things - may secrete the shell, cover the body or contain the organs
many have a radula (rasping tongue)

110
Q

class gastropoda

A

snails, slugs
may have a shell, walk on a single foot, produce mucus, omnivores, terrestrial or aquatic

111
Q

class cephalopoda

A

octopi, squid and scuttlefish
have a siphon for moving and moving water over gills, can often change colours/textures, have a beak, most intelligent invertebrates, carnivores, aquatic

112
Q

class bivalvia

A

clams, oysters, mussels, scallops
2 shells, soft bodies, filter feeders using siphons, mostly sessile, aquatic

113
Q

class asteroida

A

sea stars
mouth in centre of underside
can regrow arms
stomach can be extruded from the mouth for digestion
carnivores
bony parts
standard number of arms is 5

114
Q

class holothuroidea

A

sea cucumbers
detritivores
no hard parts

115
Q

class echinoidea

A

sea urchins, sand dollars
herbivores
long spines
hard test (skeleton)

116
Q

phylum echinodermata

A

3 tissue layers, coelom, deuterostomes, tube digestive system, pentaradial symmetry as an adult, but bilateral larvae (left grows more than right–> shrinks, reabsorbs)
water vascular system

117
Q

water vascular system

A

series of tubes containing sea water that act as a circulatory, respiratory and musculoskeletal system

118
Q

plasmogamy

A

when two cells fuse, but their nuclei don’t (seen in fungi)

119
Q

karyogamy

A

when the nuclei in a cell with 2 nuclei, fuse (seen in fungi)

120
Q

halophile

A

likes salt

121
Q

thermophile

A

likes heat

122
Q

acidophile

A

likes acid

123
Q

methanogen

A

produces methane

124
Q

aerobic

A

needs oxygen

125
Q

facultative anaerobic

A

can use oxygen, but doesn’t need it

126
Q

obligate anaerobic

A

is killed by oxygen

127
Q

cyanobacteria

A

photosynthetic bacteria

128
Q

mycorrhizae

A

associations between fungi and the roots of most plants, which increase surface area for absorption of nutrients
this is a symbiotic relationshipmost plants, which increase surface area for absorption of nutrients
this is a symbiotic relationship

129
Q

lichen

A

combination organism, a symbiotic relationship between fungus, which provides structure, and an algae, which performs photosynthesis

they are often the first organisms to colonize bare rock (succession)

biology (4 decks)

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