diversity Flashcards
1
Q
taxa
A
group of one or more populations of organisms that form a unit
2
Q
domain
A
highest taxonomic rank in the heirarchical biological classifaction system, above the kingdom level
3
Q
kingdom
A
living things are divided into 5: animal, plant, fungi, protein and monera
in between domain and phylumbelow kingdom, above class
4
Q
phylum
A
below kingdom, above class
5
Q
class
A
above order, below phylum
6
Q
order
A
below class, above family
7
Q
family
A
below order, above genus
8
Q
genus
A
below family, above species
9
Q
species
A
lowest of taxonomy, defines groupings of biological organisms based on their shared characteristics
10
Q
specific epithet
A
second uncapitalized word in scientific name of a species, following name of genus
11
Q
plasmid
A
small, extrachromosomal DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently
12
Q
coccus
A
any spherical or roughly spherical bacterium
13
Q
bacillus
A
rod-shaped, endospore forming aerobic bacteria
14
Q
spirillum
A
bacterium with rigid spiral structure, not flexible, thick, long, move with flagella, spiral
15
Q
streplo
A
grow in chains
16
Q
staphylo
A
form clumps
17
Q
pili
A
hair-like appendage found on the surface of many bacteria and archae
18
Q
peptidoglycan
A
substance in the cell walls of bacteria
19
Q
bacteriophage
A
viruses
20
Q
capsid
A
protect DNA or RNA material
21
Q
autotroph
A
organism that can produce its own food using light, water, CO2 and other chemicals
22
Q
photoautotroph
A
capable of using light as the energy source in the synthesis of food from inorganic matter
23
Q
heterotroph
A
organism that eats other plants or animals for energy and nutrients
24
Q
extremophile
A
organisms with the ability to thrive in extreme environments
25
pathogen
organism causing disease to its host
26
root nodules
symbiotic plant microbe composites in which microorganisms receive energy from plants and reduce dinitrogen
27
legumes
any plant from fabacae family that would include its leaves, stems and pods
28
pseudopods
temporary projection of cytoplasm of certain cells, such as phagocytes or certain unicellular organisms, such as amoebas that serves in locomotion
29
contractile vacuole
specialized type of vacuole that regulates the quantity of water inside a cell
30
cilia
hair like projections that move microbes and debris up and out of the airways
31
flagellum
slender, threadlike structure, especially a microscopic appendage that enables many protozoa, bacteria, spermatozoa, etc to swim
32
oral groove
mouth of the paramecium
33
food vacuole
organelle found in asimple eukaryotes such as protists
34
amoeba
type of cell/unicellular organism with ability to extract or retract pseudopods, found in every major lineage of eukaryotic organisms
35
paramecium
genus of microscopic, single celled and free living protozoans
36
diatoms
photosynthesising algae found in almost every aquatic environment (fresh and marine)
37
euglena
genus of more than 1,000 species of single celled flgaellated microorganisms that feature both plant and animal characteristics
38
plasmodium
genus of unicellular eukaryotes that are obligate parasites
39
physarum
genus of mycetozoan slime molds in the family physaraceae
40
zygosporangium
produces diploid nuclei in many fungi and protists
41
basidium
a microscopic, club-shaped spore-bearing structure produced by certain fungi
42
ascus
a sac, typically cylindrical in shape, in which the spores of ascomycete fungi develop
43
virus
nonliving particle that invades and then reproduces inside a living cell
smaller than a cell and comes in many shapes
have some type of genetic material in the form of DNA or RNA
44
virus replication and reproduction
need a host
problem for the host
anything that is alive can be a host
45
lytic cycle
virus attaches to a host cell, binds to a receptor and injects DNA or RNA which generally goes unnoticed as it can be tricked into being a food particle etc
takes the genetic material from the virus and starts following instructions to make copies of the virus
46
lysogenic cycle
inject genetic material, genetic material stays hidden, when host makes new cell, virus also replicates, daughter cells do the same, all cells that have viral genetic material can start assembling virus
47
HIV
virus that can lead to AIDS
binds to a CO4 glycoprotein that is found on the surface of Helper T cells which protect the body via the immune system and the virus goes after immune cells --> makes the infected vulnerable to more infections
medications developed can stop working when virus mutates
48
domain eukarya
includes all eukaryotes
3 well defined kingdoms + protists
49
protists
very diverse and are not a monophyletic group
50
animal like protists
heterotrophic
amoeba, paramecium
51
plant like protists
autotrophic
euglena, diatoms, kelp
52
hyphae
thin threads that have a huge surface area for absorption of nutrients
53
mycelium
total of all hyphae
54
dikaryotic cells
(n+n) have 2 nuclei, form from the fusion of 2 haploid hyphae
55
spores
haploid cells that can grow into haploid individuals
56
gametes
haploid cells that need to fuse with other gametes to mate a diploid individual
57
ipsilateral
same side
58
contralateral
opposite side
59
medial
toward the midline
60
lateral
away from the midline, sides
61
anterior
front
62
posterior
back
63
dorsal
toward the back
64
ventral
belly side, toward front
65
distal
farther from the trunk of the body
66
proximal
nearer to the trunk of the body
67
symbiosis
a close relationship between two species that benefits atleast one of the species
68
motile
capable of movement
69
sessile
fixed in one place, immobile
70
amoebocyte
within the body wall of a sponge, a specialized cell that crawls about and delivers nutrients from the choanocytes to the rest of the body cells
71
endoderm
the innermost layer of tissue
72
mesoderm
middle layer of tissue
73
ectoderm
outermost layer of tissue
74
auricles
"flaps" on the atria to increase the volume of the chamber
75
choanocyte
collar cells that line the body cavity and have flagella that circulate water in sponges
76
cnidocyte
a stinging cell of a cnidarian
77
anemone
a brightly coloured sea animal that resembles a flower and has a cluster of tentacles around the mouth
78
radial
pertaining to the radius
79
cnidarian
a radially symmetrical invertebrate that uses stinging cells to capture food and defend itself
80
bilateral
both sides
81
pharynx
sucks in food and spits it back out after - seen in planaria
82
polyp
the sessile, tubular form of a cnidarian with a mouth and tentacles at one end and a basal disk at the other
83
spicule
a needle of silica or calcium carbonate in the skeleton of some sponges
84
sea jelly
represents motile medusa stage, cnidarian
85
nomatocyst
found in tentacles of jellyfish, venomous coiled thread that can be used for self defense and capturing prey
86
gastrovascular cavity
digestive chamber with a single opening
87
osculum
opening at the top of the sponge
88
ostia
the intake pores on a sponge
89
planaria
the class of free-living flatworms, phylum platyhelminthes
90
porifera
the phylum of sponges
91
coral
the limestone skeleton of a tiny sea animal
92
cephilization
the concentration of sensory and brain structures in the anterior end of the animal
93
platyhelminthes
phylum of flatworms
94
tapeworm
a parasitic flatworm characterized by the absence of a digestive tract, and a long body of repeated units
95
mesoglea
in cnidarians, the jellylike material located between the ectoderm and the endoderm
96
medusa
motile cnidarian with a bell-shaped body and tentacles
97
protostomes
blastopore becomes mouth
arthropods, annelids, nematodes, molluscs
98
deuterostomes
blastopore becomes anus
chordates, echinoderms
99
segmented worms
earthworms, leeches
100
class polychaeta
polychaete worms - marine
101
class oligochaeta
earthworms - terrestrial
102
class hirudinea
leeches - freshwater
103
earthworms
3 tissue layers, bilateral symmetry, tube digestive system, protostome development, seta to grip soil, segmented bodies (repeating parts)
104
arthropods
segmented bodies, exoskeleton of chitin, jointed appendages
105
class insecta
ants, bees, wasps, beetles, butterflies, moths, flies, mosquitos, dragonflies, grasshoppers, crickets, roaches, termites
-2 antennae
-6 legs
-head, thorax, and abdomen
-compound eyes
-have spiracles and trachea
-only vertebrae that can fly
-elaborate mouthparts
-undergo metamorphosis
106
class arachnida
spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites - 8 legs
107
class crustacea
crabs, lobster, shrimp, pillbugs (potatoe bugs) - 10 legs
108
class myriapoda
centipedes, millipedes - many legs
109
phylum mollusca
have a mantle which is used for many things - may secrete the shell, cover the body or contain the organs
many have a radula (rasping tongue)
110
class gastropoda
snails, slugs
may have a shell, walk on a single foot, produce mucus, omnivores, terrestrial or aquatic
111
class cephalopoda
octopi, squid and scuttlefish
have a siphon for moving and moving water over gills, can often change colours/textures, have a beak, most intelligent invertebrates, carnivores, aquatic
112
class bivalvia
clams, oysters, mussels, scallops
2 shells, soft bodies, filter feeders using siphons, mostly sessile, aquatic
113
class asteroida
sea stars
mouth in centre of underside
can regrow arms
stomach can be extruded from the mouth for digestion
carnivores
bony parts
standard number of arms is 5
114
class holothuroidea
sea cucumbers
detritivores
no hard parts
115
class echinoidea
sea urchins, sand dollars
herbivores
long spines
hard test (skeleton)
116
phylum echinodermata
3 tissue layers, coelom, deuterostomes, tube digestive system, pentaradial symmetry as an adult, but bilateral larvae (left grows more than right--> shrinks, reabsorbs)
water vascular system
117
water vascular system
series of tubes containing sea water that act as a circulatory, respiratory and musculoskeletal system
118
plasmogamy
when two cells fuse, but their nuclei don't (seen in fungi)
119
karyogamy
when the nuclei in a cell with 2 nuclei, fuse (seen in fungi)
120
halophile
likes salt
121
thermophile
likes heat
122
acidophile
likes acid
123
methanogen
produces methane
124
aerobic
needs oxygen
125
facultative anaerobic
can use oxygen, but doesn't need it
126
obligate anaerobic
is killed by oxygen
127
cyanobacteria
photosynthetic bacteria
128
mycorrhizae
associations between fungi and the roots of most plants, which increase surface area for absorption of nutrients
this is a symbiotic relationshipmost plants, which increase surface area for absorption of nutrients
this is a symbiotic relationship
129
lichen
combination organism, a symbiotic relationship between fungus, which provides structure, and an algae, which performs photosynthesis
they are often the first organisms to colonize bare rock (succession)
