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BIO/BIOCHEM (MCAT) > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the Central Dogma

A

DNA is transcribed to RNA, which is translated into amino acids to form a protein

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2
Q

what is epigenetics

A

a term used to describe changes that are made around the genome that do not alter the actual nucleotide

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3
Q

do histones give proteins a net positive or negative charge at the normal pH of the cell

A

positive

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4
Q

true or false - in animals, DNA is only found in the nucleus

A

false - it is also found in the mitochondria

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5
Q

what is the difference between euchromatin and heterochromatin

A

euchromatin is accessible to the cell’s translation machinery and only coiled during nuclear division
heterochromatin is not accessible to cellular machinery and will not be transcribed

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6
Q

what is the most common example of epigenetic regulation

A

DNA methylation

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7
Q

what is DNA methylation

A

involves the addition of an extra methyl to cytosine nucleotides and it causes DNA to be coiled more tightly

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8
Q

what is polyploidy

A

occurs when a cell has more than two copies of homologous chromosomes`

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9
Q

what happens during the initiation step of transcription

A

a group of DNA binding proteins (TFs) binds to the promoter on the DNA strand

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10
Q

what is the major enzyme of transcription

A

RNA polymerase

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11
Q

in what direction does RNA polymerase move along the DNA and what is the direction of the new RNA strand being made

A

3’->5’ and 5’->3’

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12
Q

how are activators and repressors regulated

A

they are allosterically regulated by cAMP

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13
Q

what is an operon

A

a genetic unit composed of a promoter, operator and genes

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14
Q

what are the 2 conditions needed to activate the lac operon

A
  1. lack of glucose

2. lactose is present

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15
Q

what is gene repression

A

when there is no lactose, the lac repressor protein binds to the operator site and prevents the transcription of lac genes

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16
Q

what are release factors

A

trigger termination of translation

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17
Q

true or false - proteins translated by free floating ribosomes function in the cytosol

A

true

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18
Q

what is the difference between a promoter and a primer

A

a promoter is a spot on the DNA that signals the RNA polymerase where to begin transcriptipn
a primer is a short piece of RNA that starts replication

19
Q

what are the steps of mitosis

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, cytokinesis, telophase

20
Q

what is involved in prophase of mitosis

A

sister chromatids are joined at centromeres; the centrioles move to opposite sides of the cell; the nuclear envelope disappears; the spindle forms and the kinetechore microtubules grow from the spindle and connect the centrioles

21
Q

what is involved in metaphase of mitosis

A

chromosomes align along the middle of the cell on the microtubules

22
Q

what is involved in anaphase of mitosis

A

the sister chromatids split from the centromeres and move to the opposite sides of the cell

23
Q

what is involved in cytokinesis

A

the actual separation of the cellular cytoplasm

24
Q

what is involved in telophase

A

decondensation of the chromosomes and the nuclear membranes reform

25
Q

what is the result of mitosis

A

two identical daughter cells with each containing one complete copy of the parent’s genomes

26
Q

what are point mutations

A

a mutation that changes a single nucleotide in a DNA

27
Q

what is a transition mutation

A

a base substitution exchanging a purine to a purine or pyrimidine to pyrimidine

28
Q

what is a transversion mutation

A

a base substitution exchanging a pyrimidine to a purine

29
Q

what are the two types of point mutations

A

addition and deletion

30
Q

what are the four mutations at the level of a chromosome

A

deletion, duplication, inversion and translocation

31
Q

what is the difference between proto-oncogenes and oncogenes

A

proto-oncogenes stimulate normal growth in human cells whereas oncogenes cause cancer

32
Q

what are the steps of meiosis

A

prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telophase 1

prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, telophase 2

33
Q

what is involved in meiosis 1

A

prophase 1 - homologous chromosomes line up beside each other to match their genes
metaphase 1 - the two homologous chromosomes remain attached and move to the metaphase plate
anaphase 1 - the pairs of homologous chromosomes separate to create haploid cells
telophase 1 - cytokinesis occurs and produces two daughter cells

34
Q

what is the result of meiosis 2

A

the end result produces 4 daughter haploid cells

35
Q

what is nondisjunction and when can it occur

A

this occurs in anaphase 1 or 2. it is when the centromere of a chromosome does not split therefore, one of the cells will have two extra chromatids and one of the cells will be missing one.

36
Q

when does crossing over occur and what does it do

A

prophase 1 ; the exchange of DNA nucleotides

37
Q

what is the number of chromosomes at the start and finish of replication

A 
start = 46 chromosomes 
finish = 46 chromosomes, 92 chromatids (diploid with sisters)
38
Q

what is the number of chromosomes at the start and finish of mitosis

A 
start = diploid with sisters ; 46 chromosomes , 92 chromatids 
finish = 46 chromosomes
39
Q

what is the number of chromosomes at the start and finish of meiosis 1

A 
start = diploid with sisters ; 46 chromosomes , 92 chromatids 
finish = haploid with sisters ; 46 chromosomes , 92 chromatids
40
Q

what is the number of chromosomes at the start and finish of meiosis 2

A 
start = haploid with sisters ; 46 chromosomes, 92 chromatids
finish = haploid ; 23 chromosomes
41
Q

what is the mendelian ratio

A

3:1

42
Q

what is the law of segregation

A

alleles segregate independently when forming gametes during meiosis

43
Q

what is the law of independent assortment

A

genes located on separate chromosomes assort independently; i.e when genes code for different traits, on separate chromosomes, they do not affect each other

44
Q

what is the equation that predicts the genotype frequencies of a gene with only two alleles in the Hardy Weinberg population

A

p^2 + q^2 + 2pq = 1

BIO/BIOCHEM (MCAT) (9 decks)

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