Endocrine System Flashcards
Exocrine glands
release enzymes to the environment through ducts
endocrine glands
release hormones directly into the blood
all the peptide hormones
anterior pituitary, posterior pituitary, parathyroid, pancreatic and thyroid C cell hormones
what are the anterior pituitary hormones
FSH, LSH, ACTH, HGH, TSH and prolactin
what are the posterior pituitary hormones
ADH and oxytocin
what are the pancreatic hormones
glucagon and insulin
what are the thyroid C cell hormones
calcitonin
steroid hormones
glucocorticoids, mineral corticoids, gonadal hormones
Antidiuretic hormone
aka vasopressin is a small peptide which allows the kidney’s collecting ducts to absorb water
oxytocin
a small peptide hormone that increases uterine contractions during pregnancy - causing milk production
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
a peptide that stimulates the thyroid T3 and T4, using a second messenger system called cAMP
adrenocorticotropic hormone
a peptide that stimulates growth in cells
prolactin
a peptide that stimulates milk production
parathyroid
a peptide that increases blood calcium by increasing osteocyte absorption of calcium and stimulating the increase of osteoclasts
basal metabolic rate
amount of energy expended at rest in one day
calcitonin
a large peptide hormone released by the thyroid gland and decreases the blood calcium by decreasing the activity of osteoclasts
mineralocorticoids
a steroid that is secreted by the adrenal cortex and affects the amount of electrolytes in the blood
glucocorticoids
a steroid that is secreted by the adrenal cortex and increases blood glucose concentration
aldosterone
a mineralocorticoid that plays a role in the distal convoluted tube and collecting duct to increase the sodium and calcium ion reabsorption as well as potassium and proton secretion
cortisol
a glucocorticoid that increases blood glucose levels by stimulating gluconeogenesis
type 1 diabetes
occurs when the immune system attack the Beta cells in the pancreas. When there are no Beta cells, there is no insulin, therefore there is no regulation of blood glucose levels
tropic hormones
are released by endocrine glands and act upon another endocrine gland
they are secreted by the anterior pituitary
blood chemistry hormones
regulate the concentration of Na, Ca and glucose in the blood
what is osmolarity primarily determined by
sodium concentrations
what are sertoli cells
stimulated by follicle-stimulating hormone and nurture the spermatocytes and spermatids
what are leydig cells
when stimulated by the luteinizing hormone, they will release testosterone
what is the order of the production of sperm
seminiferous tubules -> epididymis -> vas deferens -> ejaculatory duct -> urethra -> penis
what is another word for the bulbourethral glands
Cowper’s glands
what is the follicular stage of the ovarian cycle
begins with the development of the follicle and ends at ovulation
what is the luteal phase
begins with ovulation and ends with the degeneration of the corpus luteum into the corpus albicans
what are the three primary germ layers
ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm
senescence
a process when the cells stop growing because of environmental stressors and these are then cleared away by the immune system
what is the ectoderm
the outermost layer of skin, nervous system and sense organs
what is the mesoderm
the skeleton, muscles, heart, gonads and kidney
what is the endoderm
liver, pancreas, thymus and thyroid
