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BIO/BIOCHEM (MCAT) > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

Exocrine glands

A

release enzymes to the environment through ducts

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2
Q

endocrine glands

A

release hormones directly into the blood

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3
Q

all the peptide hormones

A

anterior pituitary, posterior pituitary, parathyroid, pancreatic and thyroid C cell hormones

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4
Q

what are the anterior pituitary hormones

A

FSH, LSH, ACTH, HGH, TSH and prolactin

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5
Q

what are the posterior pituitary hormones

A

ADH and oxytocin

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6
Q

what are the pancreatic hormones

A

glucagon and insulin

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7
Q

what are the thyroid C cell hormones

A

calcitonin

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8
Q

steroid hormones

A

glucocorticoids, mineral corticoids, gonadal hormones

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9
Q

Antidiuretic hormone

A

aka vasopressin is a small peptide which allows the kidney’s collecting ducts to absorb water

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10
Q

oxytocin

A

a small peptide hormone that increases uterine contractions during pregnancy - causing milk production

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11
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

A

a peptide that stimulates the thyroid T3 and T4, using a second messenger system called cAMP

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12
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

a peptide that stimulates growth in cells

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13
Q

prolactin

A

a peptide that stimulates milk production

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14
Q

parathyroid

A

a peptide that increases blood calcium by increasing osteocyte absorption of calcium and stimulating the increase of osteoclasts

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15
Q

basal metabolic rate

A

amount of energy expended at rest in one day

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16
Q

calcitonin

A

a large peptide hormone released by the thyroid gland and decreases the blood calcium by decreasing the activity of osteoclasts

17
Q

mineralocorticoids

A

a steroid that is secreted by the adrenal cortex and affects the amount of electrolytes in the blood

18
Q

glucocorticoids

A

a steroid that is secreted by the adrenal cortex and increases blood glucose concentration

19
Q

aldosterone

A

a mineralocorticoid that plays a role in the distal convoluted tube and collecting duct to increase the sodium and calcium ion reabsorption as well as potassium and proton secretion

20
Q

cortisol

A

a glucocorticoid that increases blood glucose levels by stimulating gluconeogenesis

21
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

occurs when the immune system attack the Beta cells in the pancreas. When there are no Beta cells, there is no insulin, therefore there is no regulation of blood glucose levels

22
Q

tropic hormones

A

are released by endocrine glands and act upon another endocrine gland
they are secreted by the anterior pituitary

23
Q

blood chemistry hormones

A

regulate the concentration of Na, Ca and glucose in the blood

24
Q

what is osmolarity primarily determined by

A

sodium concentrations

25
Q

what are sertoli cells

A

stimulated by follicle-stimulating hormone and nurture the spermatocytes and spermatids

26
Q

what are leydig cells

A

when stimulated by the luteinizing hormone, they will release testosterone

27
Q

what is the order of the production of sperm

A

seminiferous tubules -> epididymis -> vas deferens -> ejaculatory duct -> urethra -> penis

28
Q

what is another word for the bulbourethral glands

A

Cowper’s glands

29
Q

what is the follicular stage of the ovarian cycle

A

begins with the development of the follicle and ends at ovulation

30
Q

what is the luteal phase

A

begins with ovulation and ends with the degeneration of the corpus luteum into the corpus albicans

31
Q

what are the three primary germ layers

A

ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm

32
Q

senescence

A

a process when the cells stop growing because of environmental stressors and these are then cleared away by the immune system

33
Q

what is the ectoderm

A

the outermost layer of skin, nervous system and sense organs

34
Q

what is the mesoderm

A

the skeleton, muscles, heart, gonads and kidney

35
Q

what is the endoderm

A

liver, pancreas, thymus and thyroid

BIO/BIOCHEM (MCAT) (9 decks)

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