Circulatory, Respiratory and Immune Systems Flashcards
what does mucus do and what is it secreted by
it is secreted by goblet cells and traps the smaller dust particles that bypassed the nasal hairs as well as moistens the air
what is the epiglottis
it is a structure made of cartilage that blocks the trachea opening during swallowing by rising
how does inspiration happen
medulla oblongata in the midbrain signals the contraction of the diaphragm
what are the two structures involved in expanding the chest cavity
diaphragm and intercostal muscles
during expansion, is there negative or positive pressure in the air cavity, alveoli and airway?
negative
what is Fick’s law?
it states that the rate of diffusion is directly proportional to the surface area and partial pressure but inversely proportional to the membrane thickness
what is Henry’s law?
states the amount of gas that is dissolved in a solution is directly proportional to the partial pressure of gas at equilibrium with liquid
what causes a right shift of the oxygen dissociation curve
an increase in carbon dioxide pressure, proton concentration and temperature. this can also happen when hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen is decreased
what are the three ways carbon dioxide is carried by the blood
being dissolved in the solution, being a bicarbonate ion and in carbamino compounds
what is the enzyme used in the formation of a bicarbonate ion
carbonic anyhydrase
what is the equation for the formation of bicarbonate ions
CO2 + H2O -> HCO3 + H+
what is the overall process for transport of carbon dioxide
CO2 diffuses into the red blood cells -> the enzyme carbonic anhydrase catalyzes it into bicarbonate ion -> the bicarbonate diffuses down its proper concentration gradient and into the plasma -> blood flows to the lungs and the bicarbonate ion diffuses back into the erythrocytes -> conversion back into CO2
True or False : increased CO2 and decreased pH go hand in hand
True
Which receptors are involved in controlling the carbon dioxide concentration
chemical and peripheral chemoreceptors
what does plasma contain
water, ions, urea, ammonia and proteins
what are albumins
transportation of fatty acids and steroids. they also regulate the osmotic pressure of the blood
what are erythrocytes
a type of red blood cells that are basically bags of hemoglobin. main function is to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
what is the first circulatory path of the blood through the cardiovascular system
beginning with left ventricle -> blood pumped through the aortic valve -> aorta -> branch into smaller arteries - > branch into smaller arterioles -> branch into smaller capillaries -> the blood from capillaries is collected in venules -> collected in larger veins -> collected again in the superior/inferior venae cavae -> empty into right atrium
what is the first half of the circulation of blood called?
systemic circulation
what is the second circulatory path of the blood through the cardiovascular system
right atrium -> blood squeezed through the tricuspid valve -> right ventricle -> right ventricle pumps blood from the pulmonary valve to pulmonary arteries -> branch into smaller arterioles -> branch into smaller capillaries -> blood is collected in the venules, veins and pulmonary veins -> blood empties into left atrium -> back to left ventricle
what is the second half of the circulation of blood called
pulmonary system
what innervates the SA node
parasympathetic vagus nerve
what are the four methods materials can cross capillary walls
pinocytosis, diffusion through membranes, movement through pores called fenestration and movement through spaces between cells
what substances can cross capillary beds through pinocytosis
proteins
