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BIO/BIOCHEM (MCAT) > Circulatory, Respiratory and Immune Systems > Flashcards

Circulatory, Respiratory and Immune Systems Flashcards

1
Q

what does mucus do and what is it secreted by

A

it is secreted by goblet cells and traps the smaller dust particles that bypassed the nasal hairs as well as moistens the air

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2
Q

what is the epiglottis

A

it is a structure made of cartilage that blocks the trachea opening during swallowing by rising

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3
Q

how does inspiration happen

A

medulla oblongata in the midbrain signals the contraction of the diaphragm

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4
Q

what are the two structures involved in expanding the chest cavity

A

diaphragm and intercostal muscles

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5
Q

during expansion, is there negative or positive pressure in the air cavity, alveoli and airway?

A

negative

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6
Q

what is Fick’s law?

A

it states that the rate of diffusion is directly proportional to the surface area and partial pressure but inversely proportional to the membrane thickness

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7
Q

what is Henry’s law?

A

states the amount of gas that is dissolved in a solution is directly proportional to the partial pressure of gas at equilibrium with liquid

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8
Q

what causes a right shift of the oxygen dissociation curve

A

an increase in carbon dioxide pressure, proton concentration and temperature. this can also happen when hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen is decreased

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9
Q

what are the three ways carbon dioxide is carried by the blood

A

being dissolved in the solution, being a bicarbonate ion and in carbamino compounds

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10
Q

what is the enzyme used in the formation of a bicarbonate ion

A

carbonic anyhydrase

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11
Q

what is the equation for the formation of bicarbonate ions

A

CO2 + H2O -> HCO3 + H+

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12
Q

what is the overall process for transport of carbon dioxide

A

CO2 diffuses into the red blood cells -> the enzyme carbonic anhydrase catalyzes it into bicarbonate ion -> the bicarbonate diffuses down its proper concentration gradient and into the plasma -> blood flows to the lungs and the bicarbonate ion diffuses back into the erythrocytes -> conversion back into CO2

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13
Q

True or False : increased CO2 and decreased pH go hand in hand

A

True

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14
Q

Which receptors are involved in controlling the carbon dioxide concentration

A

chemical and peripheral chemoreceptors

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15
Q

what does plasma contain

A

water, ions, urea, ammonia and proteins

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16
Q

what are albumins

A

transportation of fatty acids and steroids. they also regulate the osmotic pressure of the blood

17
Q

what are erythrocytes

A

a type of red blood cells that are basically bags of hemoglobin. main function is to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

18
Q

what is the first circulatory path of the blood through the cardiovascular system

A

beginning with left ventricle -> blood pumped through the aortic valve -> aorta -> branch into smaller arteries - > branch into smaller arterioles -> branch into smaller capillaries -> the blood from capillaries is collected in venules -> collected in larger veins -> collected again in the superior/inferior venae cavae -> empty into right atrium

19
Q

what is the first half of the circulation of blood called?

A

systemic circulation

20
Q

what is the second circulatory path of the blood through the cardiovascular system

A

right atrium -> blood squeezed through the tricuspid valve -> right ventricle -> right ventricle pumps blood from the pulmonary valve to pulmonary arteries -> branch into smaller arterioles -> branch into smaller capillaries -> blood is collected in the venules, veins and pulmonary veins -> blood empties into left atrium -> back to left ventricle

21
Q

what is the second half of the circulation of blood called

A

pulmonary system

22
Q

what innervates the SA node

A

parasympathetic vagus nerve

23
Q

what are the four methods materials can cross capillary walls

A

pinocytosis, diffusion through membranes, movement through pores called fenestration and movement through spaces between cells

24
Q

what substances can cross capillary beds through pinocytosis

A

proteins

25
Q

what substances can cross capillary beds through diffusion

A

small lipid-soluble molecules

26
Q

what substances can cross capillary beds through gaps in cells

A

water-soluble substances

27
Q

what is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

A

systolic measures the high pressure when the atria beat. diastolic is the low pressure during the relaxation of ventricles and filling of atria

28
Q

what is the baroreceptor reflex

A

a method used to regulate blood pressure by changing the cardiac output and blood vessel resistance to flow. they activate the SNS and PNS

29
Q

what does the renin angiotensin aldosterone system do

A

a system used to regulate blood pressure by the regulation of plasma volume. aldosterone and antidiuretic are involved. secretion of renin triggers the increased intake/retention of water -> increases plasma volume

30
Q

Lymphatic system is a closed system - true or false

A

false - it is an open system

31
Q

true or false - innate immunity is developed after the initial attack, very slowly

A

false - that is acquired immunity

32
Q

what are some examples of innate immunity in the body

A

the skin barrier, stomach acid, phagocytotic cells and blood chemicals

33
Q

what are the five types of innate immunity cells?

A

macrophages, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils

34
Q

what do neutrophils do

A

stored in the bone marrow until they are needed. once they are signalled by the chemicals released by the infected or damaged tissue. they move past the endothelial cells - diapedesis

35
Q

what do monocytes do

A

circulate in the blood until they move past the endothelial cells, where they mature into macrophages

36
Q

what do eosinophils and basophils do

A

eosinophils work against parasitic infections; basophils release the chemicals during the inflammation reaction

37
Q

B and T cell immunity is a type of acquired immunity

A

true

38
Q

what are the four cells that T lymphocytes differentiate into

A

helper, memory, suppressor and killer cells

  1. helper T cells - activate B lymphocytes
  2. memory T cells - create a faster response upon a repeat encounter with an antigen
  3. suppressor T cells - plays a regulatory role in the immune system
  4. killer T cells - bind to antigen carrying cells and release a protein that will kill the cell
39
Q

MHC class 1 molecules are derived from extracellular pathogens - true or false

A

false - they are derived from intracellular pathogens

BIO/BIOCHEM (MCAT) (9 decks)

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