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Biology -Phenotype > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Where do regulators bind?

A

Main subgrooves in inverted repeats, as dimers

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2
Q

Negative gene regulation involves what?

A

protein repressor that blocks transcription

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3
Q

Anabolic genes

A

subject to end-product repression (need co-repressor)

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4
Q

Catabolic genes

A

induced by starting substrate (which inhibit repressor proteins)

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5
Q

Where are operators?

A

Downstream of promotor = block RNA polymerase

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6
Q

What do activators bind to?

A

Activator binding site upstream of promotor

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7
Q

Does regulon or operon have multiple dispersed gens regulated by same protein?

A

Regulon

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8
Q

Diauxic growth

A

i.e. 2 exponential growth rates

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9
Q

Example of an autokinase

A

sensor (bacterial)- can phosphorylate itself

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10
Q

When does DNA taken up by bacteria not need to be recombined in host?

A

if DNA is a self-replicating plasmid

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11
Q

Example of selection system for measuring DNA uptake

A

Auxotrophic marker, antibiotic resistance

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12
Q

How is transformed DNA taken up?

A

As single stranded molecule then recombined

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13
Q

What are the 2 types of transduction?

A

Generalised and specialised

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14
Q

4 Properties of transducing phage

A

1- can go between circular and linear
2- genes for site specific integration
3- replicates via rolling circle replication
4- phage stays in genome as PROPHAGE

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15
Q

Specialaised transduction means…

A

.. prophage excises incorrectly = acquires neighbouring host DNA and loses some of its own

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16
Q

What is oriV and OriT replication of F plasmid

A

vegetative and transfer replication

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17
Q

What do F+ cells always have? and what does it form?

A

Sex Pillus

Forms mating junction

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18
Q

What does Tral do in transfer of F+ plasmid?

A

nicks DNA and has helicase activity to unwind DNA fro transfer

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19
Q

What is an episome?

A

plasmid that also integrates into the chromosome

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20
Q

Is F plasmid an episome?

A

Yes

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21
Q

what is clockwise/counterclockwise orientation of F dependant on?

A

Original recombination

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22
Q

Do archaea do transforamtion?

A

some

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23
Q

what happens in genome following insertion of transposable element?

A

duplication of a few base pairs after insertion

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24
Q

What are the 2 types of transpostion?

A

Conservative- non replicated, just transpired

Replicative- stays in host DNA and new location

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25
Q

What are the 2 types of transpostion?

A

Conservative- non replicated, just transpired

Replicative- stays in host DNA and new location

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26
Q

how can you screen for mutants followign transposition?

A

using biofilm formation and staining assay following by sequencing

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27
Q

How does sanger sequencing work?

A

Add chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides usign DNA polymerase THEN electrophoresis

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28
Q

Sequence analysis of Sanger sequencing…

A

… use diff fluorescent indicators for each molecule and detect using laster in capillary tube

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29
Q

How do we determine position of promotor, introns, exons ect ?

A

compare cDNA and genomic clone sequences

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30
Q

What is a use of Southern blot analysis?

A

see how many fragments are similar to the gene on interest

31
Q

what are the 2 methods of gene expression analysis?

A

Northern blot analysis and in situ hybridization

32
Q

What is the benefit of using dual-antibody technique to detect proteins?

A

allows signal amplification so better sensitivity

33
Q

what do His- tagged proteins bind to?

A

Nickel column

so can be purified using this method

34
Q

What technique is immunohistochemistry very similar to?

A

Western blot analysis (used tissue section instead of gel blot)

35
Q

RNA expression patterns can be investigated by what techniques?

A

northern blotting or in situ hybridisation

36
Q

protein accumulation patterns can be investigated by what techniques?

A

western blotting or in sutu in tissue sections by immunohistochemistry

37
Q

what strategies can be used to analyse genomic DNA?

A

souther blotting or FISH to determine copy number

38
Q

What vector delivery system can not be used with transient transformation?

A

Targeted integration, knock in/out

39
Q

What is the main difference between transient snd stable DNA transformation ?

A

Transient- not integrated into host genome

Stable- Integrated into host genome

40
Q

Give an advantage and disadvantage of calcium phosphate precipitation method of transformation

A

+ cheap, quick, no vector required

- only for mammalian cell line

41
Q

How does electroporation cell transformation work?

A

Electric field causes cell polarization = pores in membrane for DNA entry

42
Q

Where is transient DNA injected to during microinjection?

A

Male pronucleus

43
Q

What particles does microprojectile bombardment use for DNA transformation?

A

Gold (tungsten) particle coated in DNA

44
Q

Name 2 mammalian viruses adapted as vectors

A

Adenovirus (transient)

Lentivirus (stable)

45
Q

2 Risks of using viral vectors fro mammalian expression

A

1- integrating vectors may activate cellular oncogenes

2- non-integrating vectors offer less stable expression

46
Q

What parasitic bacterium is used in the most common method for transforming plants?

A

A. tumefaciens

47
Q

What is a common promotor in mammalian, drosophila and plant cells?

A

Actin

48
Q

What is ultimate outcome of RNA interference (RNAi) mediated suppression of gene expression?

A

mRNA degradation

49
Q

What does genome editing using designer nucleases facilitate?

A

Gene insertion, correction or knockout of a specific gene

50
Q

Name 2 examples of agricultural application of cell transformation

A

Golden rice- express vitamin A
Glyphosphate resistant crops- Roundup ready soybeans
Blight resistant potato

51
Q

What is a medical application of transformed cells?

A

Use as ‘factories’ to make insulin, HGH, Hep. B vaccine…

52
Q

What is non-mendelian inheritance?

A

traits determined by genes outside chromosomes in organelles

53
Q

What is the name of the structures mitochondrial DNA exists in?

A

nucleoids - mostly circular DNA

54
Q

How many genes in the human mitochondrial genome?

A

37 and no introns

55
Q

Does chloroplast DNA have introns?

A

YES

56
Q

What bigger chloroplast or mitochondrial genome?

A

Chloroplast

57
Q

How might genes have been lost in endosymbiotic organnelles?

A

genes transferred to nucleus then redundant sequences lost

58
Q

What is the key concepts of the hYdrogen hypothesis?

A

Host- used H and CO2 to produce methane

Future mitochondrion - produced H and CO2 as by product of anaerobic respiration as facultatively anaerobic eubacterium

59
Q

What is autophagy?

A

Autophagy is the body’s way of cleaning out damaged cells, in order to regenerate newer, healthier cells

60
Q

Difference between heteroplasmic and homoplasmic cells?

A 
Hetero= mixture of organelle genomes
Homo= 1 type
61
Q

Why might mutations in mitochondrial genomes be maternally inherited?

A

Maternal gametes usually bigger so more organelles donated.( + some cells degrade male organelles)

62
Q

What is good about sticky ends when restriction enzymes cut DNA?

A

overhang makes easier to ligate and more directional

63
Q

What are the 2 steps of joining cut DNA?

A

hydrogen bind formation then phosphodiester bond formation (ATP-dependant)

64
Q

What are the 2 types genetic libraries?

A

genomic and cDNA

65
Q

What is the simplest vector (for small insertion)?

A

plasmids

66
Q

What retroviRal enzyme is used to coNvert mRNA to cDNA?

A

reverse transcriptase

67
Q

What are the 3 steps of PCR?

A

denature, anneal, extend

68
Q

What are the 4 steps of the hierarchical genome sequencing approach?

A

1) clone target genome in BAC vectors
2) identify minimal set of overlapping clones
3) shotgun
4) sequencing and assembly

69
Q

What genome sequencing approach did the public human genome project use?

A

hierarchical genome sequencing

70
Q

What is the approach used by celera genomics?

A

whole genome shotgun approach

71
Q

What does 454 pyrosequencing use and measure?

A

emulsion PCR and measures light intensity

72
Q

What is required once sequencing has been performed?

A

Bioinformatics e.g. BLAST

73
Q

WHAT IS THE MOST EFFECTIVE TYPE OF 2ND GENERATION GENOME SEQUENCING?

A

illumina sequencing

uses glass flow cells and bridge amplification

Biology -Phenotype (5 decks)

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