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SBI3U > GENETICS 1 > Flashcards

GENETICS 1 Flashcards

1
Q

G1

A

Cell is in “growth phase”. Performing it’s function in the body.

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1
Q

S ‘synthesis’

A

Cell prepares for mitosis. Ensures the new (daughter cells) made at the end of mitosis have correct amount of genetic material (DNA). They need a complete set of genetic instructions.

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2
Q

G2

A

Cell prepares for mitosis. The cell has approached it’s maximum size.

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3
Q

Mitosis

A

Genetic material is divided. Each new daughter cell needs a copy of the DNA or genetic instructions to function properly

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4
Q

Cytokenesis

A

Cell (cytoplasm) is divided between 2 cells. Each new daughter cells has all the organelles to function properly.

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5
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

Smalle

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6
Q

How do chromosomes form?

A

DNA wraps around protein to form nucleosomes and then nucleosomes bundle together. The nucleosomes stack and the resulting fibres coil on themselves further.

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7
Q

How do we tell which side of the chromatid is P or Q?

A

Smaller arm is “P arm” and larger arm is “Q arm”.

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8
Q

Metacentric

A

centromere exactly in centre

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9
Q

Submetacentric

A

Slightly off centre

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10
Q

Acrocentric

A

Near the end

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11
Q

Telocentric

A

At the very far end of the chromosome (not seen in humans)

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12
Q

Autosomes

A

Not sex chromosomes

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13
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

XX (Female) XY(Male)

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14
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

A physical structure in cells made of DNA. Sometimes made of two sister chromatids. It stores genetic information and can physically pass it on to other cells. “Vehicle”.

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15
Q

Are human adults diploid or haploid

A

Diploid

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16
Q

Diploid

A

A cell containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent

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17
Q

Haploid cell

A

A cell that contains a single set of chromosomes

18
Q

How many chromosomes do adult humans have?

A

46 in total (23 pairs)

19
Q

How many chromosomes are found in gametes?

A

23 chromosomes (haploid) these are

20
Q

What are the names of the gametes or haploid cells produced by human adults?

A

Sperm & ova (egg)

21
Q

Why are the sperm and ova haploid?

A

They only have 23 chromosomes, which is half

22
Q

How many chromosomes are found in gametes?

A

23

23
Q

Does fertilization produce a haploid or a diploid cell?

A

Diploid

24
Q

How many chromosomes are in a zygote?

A

46

25
Q

How many chromosomes are in the copy cells that are made when the zygote divides over and over again?

A

46

26
Q
A

Haploid has half of the # of chromosomes in a somatic cell!
Diploid has 2x the number of chromosomes in a gamete.

27
Q

how many sets of chromosomes does a human being have? Where do they come from?

A

2 sets—one from mother, one from father

28
Q

What are the haploid cells made by humans

A

sperm and ova

29
Q

if an organism has 58 chromosomes, what is its haploid and diploid number.

A

Haploid # = 29 Diploid # = 58 (29 pairs of chromosomes).

30
Q

What is aneuploidy

A

A genetic condition of having an extra chromosome, or the absence of one.

31
Q

What is trisomy?

A

There is an extra copy of one chromosome type

32
Q

How many copies of chromosomes in trisomy? What does this cause?

A

Instead of one two chromosomes, one from each parent, there are three copies. This causes cellular confusion because there is too much genetic information

33
Q

What is monosomy? What does this create?

A

One copy of a chromosome is missing. Instead of having two chromosomes there is only one copy. This creates confusion because there isn’t enough genetic information.

34
Q

Nondisjunction creates _____

A

Aneuploidy: caused by improper separation of chromosomes during meiosis

35
Q

What is the result of aneuploidy?

A

Cellular confusion; cells don’t work properly because the genetic information is not properly balanced.

36
Q

Who is Gregor Mendel

A

A monk whose work inn the mid-1800’s helped advance knowledge of inheritance or heredity.

37
Q

What is a gene

A

A section DNA that stores information for a particular trait. A particular type of gene can have different forms

38
Q

What is an allele?

A

A version or form of a gene.
For example, the gene for eye color can have different color versions or alleles. Each type of allele for a gene will produce different phenotypes (outcomes).

39
Q

Genotype is….

A

the genetic make-up of an organism. It is all the information and traits that are stored in an organism’s DNA.

40
Q

Phenotype is…

A

The physical characteristics that an organism has

41
Q

The genotype of an organism determines:

A

It’s phenotype; the information in the DNA is used to make the physical appearance of the organism

42
Q

Where is the information for genotype located

A

On chromosomes

43
Q
A

SBI3U (4 decks)

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