Genetically Modified Organisms and Mutation

Question 1

Genetically modified organisms:

Answer 1

organisms that have had their genetic information modified through genetic engineering techniques

Question 2

Genetic information of an organism can be (out of 3):

Answer 2

• switched off
• switched on
• brought in from another organism

Question 3

What is isolation of DNA:

Answer 3

• Restriction enzymes cut out the DNA segment required

- Different enzymes can cut different sequences and DNA is added to the plasmid, and is joined using ligase

Question 4

What is amplification of recombinant DNA :

Answer 4

• Bacterium carrying plasmid multiply/share plasmid

- Selection genes help to ensure only recombinant DNA is presented to plant tissue

Question 5

What is Horizontal DNA transfer - plasmids:

Answer 5

• Bacteria exchange genetic information by copying and sharing plasmids during bacterial conjugation
• Genetic information crosses species barrier so DNA can enter and leave plasmid before infecting new hosts

Question 6

Somatic cells:

Answer 6

body cells - affect the individual

Question 7

Sex cells:

Answer 7

gonads - affect future generations

Question 8

Mutagens:

Answer 8

cause bonds to break in DNA, of which some are lethal to cells (E.g. radiation, high temperatures, chemicals)

Question 9

Point mutation:

Answer 9

change in the structure of a gene because of substitutions with another base pair

Question 10

Frameshift mutation:

Answer 10

changes the number of nucleotides due to either insertion or deletion of nucleotides

Question 11

Types of mutations (out of 5):

Answer 11

• substitution
• insertion
• deletion
• duplication
• inversion