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Bio exam > GENETIC PROCESSES > Flashcards

GENETIC PROCESSES Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis (major similarities and differences)

ON EXAM

A

Mitosis
* Type of cell produced: Somatic
* Haploid or diploid: Diploid
* Where process occurs: Somatic cells
* Number of daughter cells produced: 2
* Unique or identical: Identical
Meiosis
* Type of cell produced: Sex
* Haploid or diploid: Haploid
* Where process occurs: Testes/ovaries
* Number of daughter cells produced: 4 sperm / 1 egg
* Unique or identical: Unique

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2
Q

Interphase

A

both cell growth and DNA replication occur in preparation for cell division

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3
Q

Prophase (pro = start)

A
  • Chromatin strands become more tightly coiled. The strands join together and are now called chromosomes.
  • Centrioles move to opposite ends/poles of the cell to give direction.
  • Spindle fibers guide chromosomes and stretch across the cell from centriole to centriole.
  • Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappears
    *
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4
Q

Metaphase (meta = middle)

A

Spindle fibers form
centrioles at opposite poles of the cell attach to the centromere of sister chromatids and move them to the equator (center line) of the cell

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5
Q

Anaphase (ana = backwards)

A
  • Centromere splits apart and sister chromatids separate from each other
  • Spindle fibers shorten and pull chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell
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6
Q

Telophase (telo = end)

A
  • Chromosomes unwind and are once again called chromatin
  • Spindle fibers breakdown, centrioles disappear
  • Nuclear membrane reforms
  • Nucleolus forms in each new nucleus
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7
Q

Cytokinesis

A
  • Division of the cytoplasm to complete the process of making two new daughter cells.
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8
Q

Interphase I

A
  • Chromosomes replicate
  • Chromosome consists of 2 identical sister chromatids held together by a centromere
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9
Q

Prophase I

A
  • Synapsis (chromosome fusion creates tetrads) happens here, homologous chromosomes align side by side.
  • Crossing over also occurs and it is the exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids.

(crossing over)

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10
Q

Metaphase I

A
  • Pairs of homologous chromosomes (homologues) line up at equator by independent assortment.
  • Spindle fibres attach to centromeres.

(independent assortment)

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11
Q

Anaphase I

A
  • Homologues separate, one of each pair going to each pole of the cell.

(nondisjunction)

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12
Q

Telophase I and Cytokinesis

A
  • Two clusters of chromosomes have formed, each containing one member of each pair of homologues.
  • Cytokinesis occurs.
  • There is little or no interphase between meiosis I and meiosis II.
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13
Q

Prophase II

A

Sister chromatids condense, spindle fibers form

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14
Q

Metaphase II

A
  • Sister chromatids line up along the metaphase plate.
  • Spindle fibres attach at the centromere.

(independent assortment)

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15
Q

Anaphase II

A

Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles

(nondisjunction)

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16
Q

Telophase II and Cytokinesis

A
  • Spindle fibers disappear, nuclear membranes reform, and cytokinesis occurs
  • After cytokinesis, 4 unique daughter cells have formed, each with a haploid number (n) of chromosomes.
17
Q

How many chromosomes do somatic cells have? How many chromosomes do gametes have?

A

Somatic cells (body cells) have 46 chromosomes, Gametes (reproduction cells) have 23 chromosomes

18
Q

Genotype

A
  • The combination of alleles for a trait. (eg. Rr)
  • Letter code
19
Q

Phenotype

A

The physical appearance of a trait. It is based on genotype.

20
Q

Gene

A

sections of DNA that contain genetic information for the inheritance of specific traits.

21
Q

Allele

A

Different forms of the same gene (e.g., different eye colors)

22
Q

Dominant

A

The form of a trait that will always appear (be expressed)
(Eg. RR, or Rr)

23
Q

Recessive

A

The form of a trait that will only appear (be expressed) if the individual has two alleles for it. (eg. rr)

24
Q

Homozygous

A
  • Describes the genotype of an individual with two alleles that are the same. (e.g RR or rr)
  • RR= homozygous dominant
  • rr= homozygous recessive
25
Q

Heterozygous

A

Describes the genotype of an individual with two alleles for the same gene that are different. (eg. Rr is heterozygous dominant)

26
Q

Codominance

A

a pattern of inheritance where both alleles are expressed at the same time.

27
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

mix of both dominant traits are expressed (red + white = pink)

28
Q

Homologous Chromosomes

A

paired chromosomes similar in size and gene arrangement, but different alleles.

29
Q

Be able to complete basic monohybrid and dihybrid crosses (punnett squares) and determine the probability/ratio of offspring (genotype and phenotype)

A
  • Monohybrid cross ratio: 3 to 1 (3:1)
  • Dihybrid cross ratio: 9 to 3 to 3 to 1 (9:3:3:1)
30
Q

Nondisjunction

A
  • failure of one or more pairs of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate normally
  • the result will be an embryo with extra or fewer chromosomes
31
Q

Trisomy

A
  • Trisomy: Inheriting one extra chromosome can result in various syndromes such as..
  • Trisomy 21- Down Syndrome
  • Trisomy 18- Edwards syndrome
  • Trisomy 13- Patau’s syndrome
  • XXY - Klinefleters
  • XYY- Jacobs
  • XXX- Triple X syndrome
32
Q

Monosomy

A
  • Monosomy: inheriting one less chromosome, for example
  • XO- Turners
33
Q

universal donor

A

O universal donor: no antigens to react with other bloods antibodies

34
Q

Universal recipient

A

AB Universal recipient: universal donor because it contains no antibodies to react with other bloods antigens

35
Q

can a person with Type A blood receive Type B blood? Why or why not?

A

A and B blood cannot mix: A blood has B antibodies and B blood has A antibodies, when the antigen meets the antibody it can cause blood clotting and arterial resistance which can lead to cardiac arrest, stroke, and high blood pressure.

Bio exam (7 decks)

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