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Genes & Genomes > Genetic Mobile Elements > Flashcards

Genetic Mobile Elements Flashcards

1
Q

All types of mobile elements are represented by _ & _ variants

A

autonomous and non-autonomous

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2
Q

There are two basic types of TEs…

A
  1. Retrotransposons - transpose via an RNA intermediate

2. DNA transposons - move genomic DNA copies to other locations

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3
Q

What are the types of retrotransposons?

A
  1. non-LTR
  2. LTR
  3. Penelope
  4. DIRS retrotransposons
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4
Q

What are the types of DNA transposons?

A
  1. Cut-and-Paste
  2. Helitrons
  3. Polintons
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5
Q

LTR retrotransposons are similar to _ but lack the components to build a _

A

retroviruses

infective particle

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6
Q

LTR’s are inherited _ but may also spread by _

A

vertically

horizontal gene transfer

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7
Q

non-LTRs are transposed via _ intermediates that integrate via _

A

RNP

target-primed Reverse Transcriptase (TPRT)

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8
Q

TPRT utilizes a target site that varies with a retrotransposon-specific _

A

endonuclease

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9
Q

The minus strand in TPRT is synthesized using the _

A

mRNA template

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10
Q

Upstream cleavage in TPRT produces a target site _

A

deletion

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11
Q

Non-LTRs include _, _ and _ elements, they are flanked by _

A

Li, alu, SVA

target site duplications (downstream cleavage)

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12
Q

Downstream cleavage in TPRT produces a target site _

A

duplication

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13
Q

LINES are retrotransposons derived from _ DNA encoding a _

A

selfish

RT

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14
Q

LINES produce complete or truncated _ in order to integrate into the genome

A

cDNAs

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15
Q

SINES and LINES both lack _ of retroviruses

A

LTRs

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16
Q

SINES replicate via an _ and utilize RT from _ sources, what specialized structure provides a binding structure for RT

A

RNA intermediate
cellular
modifications in the 3’end produce a hairpin loop

17
Q

Cut/Paste transposons produce a _ that integrates DNA into a new target site, however they cannot _. How do they solve this issue?

A

transposase

synthesize their own DNA, utilize cellular machinery

18
Q

Polintons are _ DNA transposons that carry their own _

A

self-synthesizing

DdDp

19
Q

Polintons have _ that produce a ssDNA hairpin and its polymerase produce a _ that is then integrated

A

terminal inverted repeats

dsPolinton

20
Q

Polintons originate from _

A

virophages

21
Q

Helitrons are _ transposons that are _ from the chromosome to produce a _ DNA

A

rolling-circle
excised
extrachromosomal circular DNA

22
Q

Helitrons frequently _ host genes and induce _

A

capture

gene shuffling

23
Q

What are the two ID proteins that Helitrons possess?

A

Rep - rolling-circle replication initiator

DNA helicase

24
Q

What are the three models of gene capture that Helitrons utilize?

A
  1. Read-through model 1
  2. Read-through model 2
  3. Filler DNA model
25
Q

Read-Through Model1 gene capture occurs with the malfunction of _ at the 3’ end, it therefore uses a random gene

A

replication terminator

26
Q

Read-Through Model2 gene capture occurs when the 3’ terminus of another _ serves as a RC terminator

A

helitron

27
Q

The filler DNA model of gene capture involves portions of _ accidentally serve as _ for dsDNA breaks in helitrons

A

genomic DNA

DNA repair templates

28
Q

Excessive transposition is _, organisms evolve mechanisms to _ them

A

harmful

limit

29
Q

What are the mechanisms organisms use to limit transposons?

A

DNA methylation
small RNAs
piRNAS (PIWI-interacting RNAs)

30
Q

DNA methylation is done via _ methylation on repetitive elements

A

cytosine

31
Q

siRNAs inhibit TEs by post-_ disruption of mRNA by producing _ that is degraded by the _ processing and inducing _

A

Tc
dsRNA
dicer/argonaute pathway
RNA-induced Silencing Complex RISC

32
Q

PIWI-interacting RNAs cleave _ with an associated endonuclease, how does this reaction “ping-pong”

A

mRNA

mRNA of the TE is further used as a piRNA

Genes & Genomes (15 decks)

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