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biology > genetic information, variation and relationships between organisms > Flashcards

genetic information, variation and relationships between organisms Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

prokaryotic cell DNA

A
  • short
  • circular
  • not associated with histones
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2
Q

eukaroytic cell DNA

A
  • long
  • linear
  • associated with histones
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3
Q

proteins associated with eukaryotic DNA

A

histones

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4
Q

gene

A

base sequence of DNA that codes for an amino acid in a polypeptide or a functional RNA

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5
Q

fixed position of a gene on a particular DNA molcule

A

locus

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6
Q

triplet

A

sequence of three DNA bases

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7
Q

role of triplet

A

codes for a specific amino acid

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8
Q

genetic code

A

non-overlapping, universal and degenerate

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9
Q

non-overlapping code

A

each base is read as a discrete unit of 3

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10
Q

universal code

A

the same codons code for the same amino acids in all organisms

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11
Q

degenerate code

A

each amino acid is coded for by more than one triplet of bases

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12
Q

exons

A

coding areas of DNA

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13
Q

introns

A

non-coding areas of DNA only found in eukaryotes between exons in genes

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14
Q

splicing

A

introns are removed from pre-mRNA and exons are joined together

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15
Q

genome

A

complete set of genes in a cell

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16
Q

proteome

A

full range of proteins that a cell is able to produce

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17
Q

mRNA

A

messenger RNA

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18
Q

tRNA

A

transfer RNA

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19
Q

structure of mRNA

A
  • short
  • single stranded
  • codons
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20
Q

structure of tRNA

A
  • three bases called anticodon
  • amino acid binding site
  • clover shaped formed from hydrogen bonds
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21
Q

transcription

A

production of mRNA from DNA

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22
Q

process of transcription

A
  • DNA helicase unwinds comp. base paires between DNA helix
  • one strand acts as a template
  • free mRNA molecules in nucleus align by comp. base pairing (A-U and C-G)
  • RNA polymerase catalyses condensation reaction between adjacent RNA nucleotides
  • creating PPD bonds
  • pre-mRNA can then be sliced
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23
Q

RNA polymerase

A

catalyse condensation reaction between adjacent RNA nucleotides to form phosphodiester bonds

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24
Q

prokaryote transcription

A

transcription results directly in the production
of mRNA from DNA

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25
Q

eukaryote transcription

A

transcription results in the production of pre-mRNA; this is then spliced to form mRNA

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26
Q

translation

A

production of polypeptides from the sequence of codons carried by mRNA

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27
Q

process of translation

A
  • mRNA attaches to ribosome
  • tRNA anticodons bind to complementary mRNA codons
  • tRNA brings specific amino acids
  • amino acids form peptide bonds with the use of ATP
  • tRNA is then released
  • ribosome moves along mRNA to form polypeptide
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28
Q

ribosome structure

A

rRNA and protein

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29
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA

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30
Q

gene mutation

A

change in the base sequence of DNA

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31
Q

spontaneous mutation arises from…

A

DNA replication

32
Q

deletion mutation

A

when one nucleotide is removed from a codon causing a frame shift

33
Q

addition mutation

A

when one nucleotide is added to a codon causing a frame shift

34
Q

substitution mutation

A

one nucleotide is replaced with another
this can result in 3 different mutations: silent, nonsense and missense

35
Q

silent mutation

A

different codon codes for the same amino acid because the genetic code is degenerate

36
Q

missense mutation

A

new codon codes for a different amino acid

37
Q

nonsense

A

new codon codes for a stop codon

38
Q

not all mutations cause a change in the sequence of encoded amino acids because…

A
  • genetic code is degenerate
  • mutation may be in the introns
39
Q

mutagenic agents

A

increase the rate of mutation (e.g carcinogens and radiation)

40
Q

mutation in meiosis is caused by…

A

chromosome non-disjunction

41
Q

chromosome non-disjunction

A

chromosomes or chromatids fail to split equally during meiosis

42
Q

chromosome

A

a structure consisting of a long, coiled molecule of DNA and its associated proteins, by which genetic information is passed from generation to generation

43
Q

homologous chromosome

A

two chromosomes with the same gene loci but different alleles, one inherited from each parent, joined by a centromere

44
Q

chromosome structure

A
  • two sister chromatids
  • joined by a centromere
45
Q

polyploidy

A

change in whole sets of chromosome where organisms have three of more sets of chromosome rather than two

46
Q

aneuploidy

A

change in individual number of chromosomes so there will be one more or one fewer chromosome

47
Q

process of meiosis

A

meiosis I
- DNA condenses
- homologous chromosome pairs line up along equator
- chromosomes pulled to opposite poles
- centromeres do not divide
cytokinesis
meiosis II
- chromosomes line up at equator
- chromatids at opposite poles
cytokinesis

48
Q

divisions and products of meiosis

A
  • two divisions
  • 4 haploid cells
  • genetically different daughter cells
  • production of gametes
  • used in sexual reproduction
49
Q

possible number of different combinations of chromosomes following meiosis, without crossing over

A

2n

50
Q

genetic diversity

A

number of different alleles of genes in a population

51
Q

how is variation introduced in meoisis?

A

crossing over and independent segregation

52
Q

crossing over

A
  • chromatids become twisted casuing a part to break
  • this recombines with the other chromatid
  • creates a new combination of alleles
53
Q

independent segregation of homologous chromosomes

A
  • homologous chromosomes line up at equator in random order
  • creates many combinations of alleles
54
Q

allele

A

different version of a gene found at the same locus

55
Q

natural selection leads to…

A

evolution

56
Q

evolution

A

change in allele frequency over many generations of a population

57
Q

process of natural selection

A
  • random mutation causes new alleles for a gene
  • new allele increases chances of survival
  • more likely to reproduce and pass on beneficial allele to new generation
  • over time there is an increase in allele frequency
58
Q

types of selection

A

directional and stabilisng

59
Q

directional selection

A

occurs when there is a change in the environment and one extreme trait has a selective advantage which mean favours (e.g. antibiotic resistance)

60
Q

stabilising direction

A

no change in the environment so modal trait has the selective advantage (e.g. human birth weight)

61
Q

how is variation introduced?

A
  • crossing over
  • independent segregation
  • random fertilisation
62
Q

organisms in the same species…

A

reproduce to produce fertile offspring

63
Q

courtship behaviour

A

sequence of actions unique to each species, more similar courtship behaviour, the more closely related a species

64
Q

advantages of courtship behaviour

A
  • recognise sexually mature members of own species of the opposite sex
  • synchronise mating
  • form pair bond
  • successful breeding
65
Q

hierachy

A

smaller groups arranged within larger groups with no overlap

66
Q

classification system order

A

domain
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

67
Q

binominal system

A

each species is universally identified using the binomial, the first name is the genus and the second is the species. the names must be italicised and the genus captalised.

68
Q

biodiversity

A

variety of living organisms

69
Q

ecosystem diversity

A

range of different habitats

70
Q

species diversity

A

number of different species and individuals in each species within a community

71
Q

species richness

A

number of different species

72
Q

species eveness

A

number of individuals in each species

73
Q

index of diversity

A

D=N(N-1)/∑ n(n-1)
N- number of organisms
n- number of individuals in one species

74
Q

balances of farming and conservation examples

A
  • hedgerows
  • selective breeding
  • monocultures
  • overgrazing
75
Q

genetic diversity can be made by comparing…

A
  • observable characteristics
  • base sequence of DNA
  • base sequence of mRNA
  • amino acid sequence of proteins

biology (21 decks)

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