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biology > energy transfers in and between organisms > Flashcards

energy transfers in and between organisms Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

where does LDR take place?

A

thylakoid membrane

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2
Q

where does LIR take place?

A

stroma

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3
Q

stages of LDR

A
  • photolysis
  • photoionisation of chlorophyll
  • chemiosmosis
  • production of ATP and NADPH
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4
Q

photolysis of water

A
  • light energy is abosrbed by chlorophyll
  • H2O -> 1/2O2 + 2e- + 2H+
  • H+ is used to make NADPH
  • e- passed along electron transport chain
  • O2 used for respirartion
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5
Q

photoionisation of chlorophyll

A

light energy absorbed by chlorophyll excites electrons, raising them to a higher energy level, so they leave the chlorophyll

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6
Q

chemiosmosis/ETC in photosynthesis

A
  • electrons move along photosystems
  • electrons release energy and some is used to actively transport protons across chloroplast membrane into thylakoid space
  • creates electrochemical gradient
  • protons pass through ATP synthase which phosphorylates ADP into ATP
  • protons phosphorylate NADP to become NADPH
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7
Q

LIR/calvin cycle

A
  • carbon fixation (1c) with RuBP (5c) to form two molecules of GP (3c)
  • this is catalysed by the enzyme RuBisCo
  • GP is reduced into triose phosphate using 2ATP and oxidising 2NADPH
  • 1/6 of triose phosphate carbon is used to make a hexose sugar
  • rest of triose phosphate is used to regenerate RuBP using ATP
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8
Q

how many times must the calvin cycle happen to create a hexose sugar?

A

6

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9
Q

how does structure of chloroplast maximise the rate of LDR?

A
  • ATP synthase channels within granal membrane
  • large surface area of thylakoids
  • photosystems position chlorophyll for maximum light absorption
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10
Q

how does structure of chloroplast maximise the rate of LIR?

A
  • own DNA and ribosomes for synthesis of enzymes
  • concentrations of enzymes and substrates in stroma is high
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11
Q

what is a limiting factor?

A

factor that can reduce the rate of photosynthesis, determining its maximum rate

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12
Q

limiting factors of photosynthesis

A

temperature, light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration

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13
Q

why is temperature a limiting factor of photosynthesis?

A

LIR is an enzyme controlled process, thus tempertaure increases rate until it becomes too high and denatures enzymes and no E-S complexes will be made

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14
Q

why is light intensity a limiting factor of photosynthesis?

A

light energy is needed in LDR for photolysis and photoionisation

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15
Q

why is carbon dioxide a limiting factor of photosynthesis?

A

carbon fixation in LIR

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16
Q

argicultural practices to remove limiting factors

A
  • artificial light
  • artifical heat
  • addition of CO2
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17
Q

stages of aerobic respiration

A
  • glycolysis
  • link reaction
  • krebs cycle
  • oxidative phosphorlyation
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18
Q

process of glycolysis

A
  • phosphorylation of glucose to make glucose phospahte, using ATP
  • production of triose phosphate
  • oxidation of triose phosphate to produce pyruvate using 2ATP and 2NADH
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19
Q

where does glycolysis occur?

A

cytoplasm

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20
Q

products of glycolysis

A
  • 2 pyruvate
  • net gain of 2 ATP
  • 2 NADH
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21
Q

process of link reaction

A
  • pryvuate and NADH are actively transported from cytoplasm into mitochondrial matrix
  • pyruvate is oxidised into acetate, losing one molecule of carbon
  • NAD is reduced
  • acetate combines with coenzyme A to produce acetylcoenzyme A
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22
Q

where does the link reaction occur?

A

mitochondrial matrix

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23
Q

products of link reaction

A
  • 2 acetyl CoA
  • 2 CO2 released
  • 2 NADH
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24
Q

process of krebs/citric acid cycle

A
  • acetyl CoA reacts with oxaloacetic acid (4c), releaseing coenzyme A and producing citric acid (6c)
  • in a series of redox reaction, krebs generates NADH, FADH, ATP (by substrate level phosphorlylation) and loses CO2
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25
Q

where does krebs occur?

A

mitochondiral matrix

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26
Q

products of krebs

A

per glucose
- 6 NADH
- 2 FADH
- 2 ATP
- 4CO2

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27
Q

process of oxidative phosphorlylation/electron transport chain

A
  • H+ from coenzymes are oxidised into protons and electrons
  • electrons pass through ETC
  • when they pass through proteins they release energy for protons to move into intermembrane space
  • this creates an electrochemical gradient where there is a high conc. of protons in IMS
  • protons move down conc. gradient through ATP synthase by facilitated diffusion
  • this phosphorylates ADP into ATP
  • oxygen is the final electron acceptor
  • oxygen picks up protons to create water in respiration
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28
Q

what two molecules can be used as alternative respiratory substrates?

A

amino acids from proteins
glycerol and fatty acids from lipids

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29
Q

lipids as a respiratory substrate

A

phosphorylation of glycerol = triose phosphate
fatty acid = acetate

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30
Q

proteins as a respiratory substrate

A

deamination produces 3c compounds (pyruvate) and 4c/5c compounds (krebs)

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31
Q

where does anaerobic respiration take place?

A

cytoplasm

32
Q

process of anaerobic resipiration in animals

A
  • glycolysis
  • pyruvate is reduced to form lactate by gaining H+ from NADH
  • oxidises NAD so it can be reused in glycolysis so more ATP is reduced
33
Q

process of anaerobic respiration in plants

A
  • glycolysis
  • pyruvate is reduced to form ethanol and carbin dioxide by gaining H+
  • oxidises NAD so it can be reused in glycolysis so more ATP is reduced
34
Q

dangers of lactate

A

lactic acid build up causes muscles to fatigue and denaturation of enzymes (acidic pH)

35
Q

dangers of ethanol

A

dissolves cell membranes

36
Q

biomass

A

total dry mass of a tissue or carbon measured over a given time in a specific area

37
Q

how do plants use sugars from photosynthesis?

A
  • respiratory substrates
  • synthesis of biological molecules (cellulose)
38
Q

how can the chemical energy store in dry biomass be estimated?

A

calorimetry

39
Q

what is GPP?

A

gross primary production- total chemical energy in plant biomass in a given area or volume

40
Q

what is NPP?

A

net primary production- total chemical energy available for plant growth, plant reproduction and energy transfer to other trophic levels after respiratory losses

41
Q

mathematical relationship of GPP and NPP

A

NPP = GPP - R
where R is respiratory losses

42
Q

why is most of the sun’s energy not converted to organic matter?

A
  • most solar energy is abosorbed by atmosphere or reflected by clouds
  • photosynthetic pigments can’t absorb all wavelengths of ligtht
  • not all light falls on chlorophyll
  • energy lost as carbon dioxide or heat during respiration/photosynthesis
43
Q

calculation for net production of consumers

A

N = I - (F + R)
I- chemical energy in ingested food
F- energy lost in excretion
R- respiratory losses

44
Q

why does biomass decrease along a food chain?

A
  • energy lost to excretion
  • not all of an organism is consumed
  • energy lost to surroundings as heat (e.g respiration)
45
Q

primary and secondary productivity

A

primary and secondary productivity is the rate of primary or secondary production, respectively. it is measured as biomass in a given area in a given time eg kJ ha–1 year–1

46
Q

farming practices that increase energy transfer

A
  • restriction of movement
  • exclusion of predators
  • artificial heating
47
Q

efficiency calculation

A

energy converted to a useful form (J)/ total energy supplied (x100)

48
Q

why is the length of food chains limited?

A

energy is lost at each trophic level so there is insufficient energy to support a higher trophic level

49
Q

what is phosphorous used for?

A

DNA/RNA, ATP and phospholipid bilayer

50
Q

what are mycorrhizae?

A

fungal associations between plant roots and beneficial fungi that form symbiotic relationships

51
Q

role of mycorrhizae

A
  • fungi made up of long strands called hyphae that connect to plant roots
  • hyphae increase surface area of plant’s roots to absorb more water and ions (phosphorous)
  • in turn, fungi obtain organic compounds (glucose) from the plant
52
Q

phosphorous cycle process

A
  • plants absorb phosphate ions in ocean and soil by active transport (increased by mycorrhizae)
  • animals digest this
  • some animal excretion containing the ions goes back into the ocean and soil
  • other excretion and decomposition goes into guano, bones and shells
  • these will erode back into oceans and soil
  • some of this will deposit and form phosphate into rocks
  • rocks can erode back into ocean (weathering) and addition of fertilisers in land can go into ocean
  • sediment from oceans can form rocks containing phosphate ions
53
Q

what is nitrogen used for?

A

DNA/RNA, ATP and proteins (amino acids)

54
Q

role of saprobiotic bacteria

A

use enzymes to decompose proteins/DNA/RNA/ATP to produce ammonia

55
Q

stages of nitrogen cycle

A
  • nitrogen fixation
  • nitrification
  • ammonification
  • denitrification
56
Q

ammonification

A
  • nitrates in soil are actively transported into plants
  • assimilated into cells
  • animals digest this
  • excretion contains ammonia
  • when plants and animals die, saprobiotic bacteria digest proteins and DNA and ammonify them
57
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

nitrogen fixing bacteria in plant legume root nodules and soil react with atmospheric nitrogen and convert it into ammonium

58
Q

nitrification

A

nitrifiying bacteria converts ammonium into nitrites then nitrates

59
Q

ammonification in nitrogen cycle

A
  • nitrates are absorbed into plants by active transport then assimilated into the cells
  • animals will eat the plants
  • animals produce waste containing ammonia which can be nitrified
  • when animals and plants die, saprobiotic bacteria digest and ammonify proteins, DNA etc
60
Q

denitrification

A

denitrifying bacteria in soil convert nitrates back into atmospheric nitrogen

61
Q

what are the agricultural issues of denitrification?

A

loss of nitrifying compounds

62
Q

how to avoid denitrification?

A

denitrifying bacteria are anaerobic so soil needs to be aerated

63
Q

two types of fertiliser

A

natural (manure) and artificial (inorganic chemicals)

64
Q

evaluation of natural fertiliser

A
  • cheap and often free as farmer owns the animal
  • exact minerals and proportions cannot be controlled
65
Q

evaluation of artificial fertiliser

A
  • know exact proportions of minerals
  • water soluble so ions dissolve in soil
  • high water solubility can cause leaching
66
Q

what is leaching?

A

when water soluble compounds are washed away into rivers and ponds, possibly leading to eutrophication

67
Q

process of eutrophication

A
  • nitrates leached from fertilised fields stimulate growth of algae in pond
  • excessive growth of algae creates an algal bloom which blocks out light
  • plants can therefore not photosynthesise and die
  • bacteria in water feed and respire on dead plant matter
  • results in an increase of bacteria which all respire and use up oxygen
  • fish and other aquatic organisms die due to lack of dissolved oxygen in water
68
Q

why does a respirometer have to be air tight?

A

prevent air entering or leaving as this will change volume and therefore pressure

69
Q

why does the liquid in a respirometer move to the left?

A
  • respiring organisms take in oxygen through respiration
  • the carbon dioxide it releases is absorbed by potassium hydroxide
  • the volume of gas therefore decreases in the experimental tube and pressure is lower
  • so the liquid moves to the experimental tube
70
Q

what units would you use for the rate of respiration in a respirometer?

A

unit for volume, time and mass
(volume/timexmass)

71
Q

why must the origin line of chromotography paper be done in pencil?

A

ink from the pen will dissolve in the solvent and run

72
Q

why should you measure the rf value from the middle of the pigment?

A

standardise measurements to allow for comparison

73
Q

why should chromotography paper be kept verticle?

A

pigments can move straight up the paper to avoid the running off the side or being washed off

74
Q

efficiency of energy transfer

A

energy available after transfer/energy avaialble before transfer x100

75
Q

how would you measure the biomass of a field of wheat?

A
  • large random sample of wheat
  • heat wheat sample in oven
  • weigh it
  • repeat until the mass is constant (all water is evaporated)

biology (21 decks)

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