Genetic & Environmental Foundations Flashcards
Directly observable characteristics of a person:
phenotypes
The complex blend of genetic information that determines our species and influences all our unique characteristics:
genotype
Rodlike structures which store and transmit genetic information:
chromosomes
How many chromosomes do humans have?
23 matching pairs
Chromosomes are made up of a chemical substance called?
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
A segment of DNA along the lengths of the chromosome:
gene
A unique feature of DNA is that it can duplicate itself through a process called?
mitosis
Another word for sex cells? (ovum and sperm)
gametes
How many chromosomes does a gamete contain?
23
Gametes are formed through a cell division process called?
meiosis
When sperm and ovum unite at conception, the resulting cell is called a?
zygote
22 of the 23 pairs of chromosomes are matching pairs called?
autosomes
The twenty-third pair of a chromosome is the ?
sex chromosome
Most chromosomal abnormalities result from errors during?
meiosis
What is the most common chromosomal abnormality?
down syndrome
A field of study that examines the contributions of nature and nurture to diversity of nature and nurture to diversity in human traits and abilities:
behavioural genetics
How can researchers compute heritability estimates?
kinship studies
What is the gene-environment interaction?
because of their genetic makeup, individuals differ in their responsiveness to qualities of the environment.
The tendency of heredity to restrict the development of some characteristics to just one or a few outcomes:
canalization
The tendency to actively choose environments that compliment our heredity:
nice picking
development resulting from ongoing, bidirectional exchanges between heredity and all levels of the environment:
epigenesis
heredity supplies each individual’s :
genotype
heredity & the environment combine to create:
phenotype
each form of a gene:
allele
when the alleles of from both parents are aline, and the child displays the inherited trait?
homozygous
when the alleles differ, the relationship between the alleles determine the trait that will appear?
heterozygous
When heterozygous individuals with just one recessive allele can pass that trait on to their children?
carriers
A sudden change in a segment of DNA:
mutation
traits in which many genes influence the characteristics in question:
polygenic inheritance
A pattern of inheritance in which both alleles are expressed, resulting in a combined trait, on done that is intermediate between the two:
incomplete dominance
When in many heterozygous pairings, only one allele affects the child’s characteristics. It is called dominant, the second allele, which has no effect, is called recessive:
dominant-recessive inheritance
when a harmful allele is carried on the X chromosome:
linked inheritance
What are the three types of gene-environment correlation?
passive correlation, evocative and active correlation
