Chapter 6 Flashcards
actively seeking emotional information from a trusted person in an uncertain situation:
social referencing
What are the three main types of temperament?
easy child, difficult child, slow-to-warm-up child
the capacity to voluntarily suppress a dominant response in order to plan and execute a more adaptive response:
effortful control
describes how temperament and environment together can produce favourable outcomes . Create a child-rearing environment that recognises each child’s temperament while encouraging more adaptive functioning:
goodness-of-fit model
Which theory recognizes the infant’s emotional tie to the caregiver as an evolved response that promotes survival?
Ethological theory of attachment
What is separation anxiety?
the baby becomes upset when their trusted caregiver leaves
What are the four phases of attachment?
- preattachment phase. 2. attachment-in-the-making phase 3. “clear cut” attachment phase 4. formation of a reciprocal relationship
set of expectations about the availability of attachment figures and their likelihood of providing support during times of stress. This model becomes a vital part of personality, serving as a guide for all future close relationships:
internal working model
These infants use the parent as a secure base. When separated, they may or may not cry, but if they do, it is because the parent is absent and they prefer her to the stranger. When the parent returns, they actively seek contact, and their crying is reduced immediately:
Secure attachment
these infants seem unresponsive to the parent when she is present. When she leaves. they usually are not distressed, and they react to the stranger in much the same way as to the parent. During reunion, avoid or are slow to greet the parent, and when picked up they often fail to cling:
avoidant attachment
before separation these infants seek closeness to the parent and often fail to explore. When the parent leaves, they are usually distressed, and on her return they combine clinginess with angry, resistant behaviour, sometimes hitting and pushing. Many continue to cry after being picked up and cannot be comforted easily:
resistant attachment
This pattern reflects the greatest insecurity. At reunion, these infants show confused, contradictory behaviours - looking away while the parent is holding them or approaching the parent with flat, depressed emotion. Most display a dazed facial expression, and a few cry out unexpectedly after having calmed down or display odd, frozen postures.
disorganised/ disoriented attachment
What factors influence attachment security?
- early availability of a consistent caregiver. 2. quality of caregiving. 3. the baby’s characteristics 4. family context, including parent’s internal working models.
responding promptly, consistently, and appropriately to infants and holding them tenderly and carefully:
sensitive caregiving
“emotional dance” in which the caregiver responds to infant signals in a well-timed, rhythmic, appropriate fashion:
interactional synchrony
identification of the self the self as a physically unique being that happens around age 2
self-recognition
attempting to do things that their body size makes impossible:
scale errors
between 12 and 18 months children show clear awareness of caregivers wishes and expectations and can obey simple requests and commands:
compliance
waiting for an appropriate time and place to engage in a tempting act:
delay of gratification
According to Erikson, what do children need to develop in the first couple of years?
trust and autonomy
How can children develop trust?
Through warm and responsive caregiving
How can children develop autonomy?
Parents need to provide appropriate guidance and reasonable choices.
What is the first sign of a babies emotions?
the social smile
When does the social smile first appear?
between 6 and 10 weeks
When do babies first laugh?
around 3 to 4 months
New born babies use the familiar caregiver as a ________ from which to explore
secure base
When does stranger anxiety develop?
second half of the first year
Actively seeking emotional information from caregivers in uncertain situations:
social referencing
What are the three types of temperament?
easy child, difficult child, slow to warm up child
Mary Rothbart’s model of temperament includes ________, the ability to regulate one’s reactivity.
effortful control
What are four attachment patterns?
secure, avoidant, resistant and disorganised
