Chapter 5: cognitive development Flashcards
In the first two years of life, what does Piaget believe that toddlers do?
think with their eyes, ears, hands, and other sensorimotor equipment.
According to Piaget, what can’t infants and toddlers do in their first two year?
carry out activities inside their head
specific psychological structures - organised ways of making sense of experience are called?
schemes
According to Piaget’s theory, what two processes account for changes in schemes?
adaptation and organisation
____ involves building schemes through direct interaction with the environment.
adaption
Adaption involves what two complementary activities?
assimilation and accommodation
use our current schemes to interpret the external world:
assimilation
Create new schemes or adjust old ones after noticing that our current ways of thinking do not capture the environment completely:
accommodation
A process that takes place internally, apart from direct contact with the environment. Once children form schemes they rearrange them, thinking them with other schemes to create a strongly interconnected cognitive system:
organisation
coordinated schemes deliberately to solve simple problems (8 - 12 months)
intention or goal-directed behaviour
the understanding that objects continue to exist when out of sight:
object permanence
Internal depictions of information that the mind can manipulate:
mental representation
What are the two kinds of mental representation?
images and concepts
the ability to remember and copy the behaviour of models who are not present:
deferred imitation
children act out everyday and imaginary activities:
make-believe play
a realisation that words can be used to cue mental images of things not physically present, occurs around the first birthday:
displaced reference
Infants have poorer performance after a video than a live demonstration:
video deficit effect
babies are born with a set of innate knowledge systems. Each of these prewired understandings permits a ready grasp of new, related information and therefore supports early, rapid development:
core knowledge perspective
most of us cannot retrieve events that happened to us before age 3
infantile amnesia
Which theory emphasises that children live in rich social and cultural contexts that affect the way their cognitive world is structured?
Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory
a range of taste too difficult for the child to do alone but possible with the help of more skilled partners:
zone of proximal development
the child attends to the same object as the caregiver:
joint attention
When young children first learn words, they sometimes apply them too narrowly, an error called?
underextension
applying a word to a wider collection of objects and events than is appropriate:
overextension
two-word utterances
telegraphic speech
vocal that mainly consists of words that refer to objects:
referential style
a form of communication made up of short sentences with high-pitched, exaggerated expression, clear pronunciation, distinct pauses and repetition:
infant-directed speech
A way of adapting first schemes, the newborn’s reflexes gradually transform into the flexible action patterns of the older infant:
circular reaction
What are the main cognitive achievements in the sensorimotor stage?
circular reaction, intentional/ goal directed behaviour and beginning to understand object permanence.
When is a child able to form mental representations, use deferred imitation and make believe play?
18 - 24 months
What changes in attention, memory, and categorisation tai enlace during the first two years?
sustained attention is improved, recognition memory, recall,
Chomsky’s nativist theory says what?
children are naturally endowed with a language acquisition device (lad)
What are the major language milestones in the first 2 years?
cooing at 2 months, babbling at about 6 months. 10/11 months joint attention.
When do toddlers say their first word?
12 months
