Chapter 7

Question 1

Neurons that are seldom stimulated lose their connective fivers, and the number of synapses gradually declines:

Answer 1

synaptic pruning

Question 2

handedness reflects the greater capacity of one side of the brain to carry out skilled motor action

Answer 2

dominant cerebral hemisphere

Question 3

At the rear and the base of the brain: a structure that aids in balance and control of body movement:

Answer 3

cerebellum

Question 4

A structure in the brain stem that maintains alertness and consciousness:

Answer 4

reticular formation

Question 5

An inner brain structure which plays a vital role in memory and in images of space that help us find our way:

Answer 5

hippocampus

Question 6

A large bundle of fivers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres:

Answer 6

corpus callusum

Question 7

Plays a critical role by releasing two hormones that induce growth:

Answer 7

pituitary gland

Question 8

The make-believe with others that is under way by the end of the second year and increases rapidly in complexity during early childhood:

Answer 8

sociodramatic play

Question 9

viewing a symbolic object in its own right and a symbol:

Answer 9

dual representation

Question 10

failure to distinguish other’s symbolic viewpoints from one’s own

Answer 10

egocentrism

Question 11

the belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities, such as thoughts, wishes, feelings, and intentions

Answer 11

animistic thinking

Question 12

refers to the idea what certain physical characteristics of objects remain the same, even when their outward appearance changes.

Answer 12

conservation

Question 13

focus on one aspect of a situation, neglecting other important features:

Answer 13

centration

Question 14

an inability to mentally go through a series of steps in a problem and then reverse direction, retiring to the starting point:

Answer 14

irreversibility

Question 15

the organisation of objects into classes and subclasses on the basis of similarities and differences:

Answer 15

hierarchical classification

Question 16

Children’s self-directed speech:

Answer 16

private speech

Question 17

adjusting the support offered during a teaching session to fit the child’s current level of performance:

Answer 17

scaffolding

Question 18

(broader concept than scaffolding) refers to shared endeavours between more expert and less expert participants, without specifying the precise features of communication

Answer 18

guided participation

Question 19

memory for everyday experiences:

Answer 19

episodic memory

Question 20

general descriptions of what occurs and when it occurs in a particular situation:

Answer 20

scripts

Question 21

“thinking about thoughts”

Answer 21

metacognition

Question 22

Children’s active efforts to construct literacy knowledge through informal experiences are called?

Answer 22

emergent literacy

Question 23

The ability to reflect on and manipulate the sound structure of spoken language:

Answer 23

phonological awareness

Question 24

order relationships between quantities

Answer 24

ordinality

Question 25

the last number in a counting sequence indicates the quantity of items in a set

Answer 25

cardinality

Question 26

connect new words with their underlying concepts after only a brief encounter, a process called?

Answer 26

fast-mapping

Question 27

restructuring inaccurate speech into correct form

Answer 27

recasts

Question 28

elaborating on children’s speech, increasing it’s complexity

Answer 28

expansions

Question 29

What are the main critiques of Piaget’s theory?

Answer 29

1. underestimates children’s cognitive abilities. 2. evidence of logic when presented with simple tasks based on familiar experiences. 3. pre-schoolers can be trained in Piagetian tasks. 4. Progression develops gradually, not as rigidly stage-like as Piaget suggested.

Question 30

What is Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory?

Answer 30

Language development aids social communication. which further enhances development.

Question 31

overextend grammatical rules to words that exceptions ( eg. four sheeps)

Answer 31

overregularisation errors

Question 32

all four legged animals are dogs:

Answer 32

overextension errors

Question 33

What are ways that parents can support language development?

Answer 33

labelling, echoing, recasting, expanding, extending