Genetic Engineering + Spread of Antibiotic Resistance (Day 12) Flashcards
What is recombinant DNA?
Created by the use of restriction enzymes, you can place it in a plasmid that acts as a vector for bacteria.
What is the concept of a drug resistance
When bacteria or viruses do not respond to a drug that should weaken or kill them.
What are some strategies for drug resistance?
Efflux pump, Blocked penetration, inactivation of enzymes, and target modifications.
What are two ways microorganisms can develop drug resistance?
1) spontaneous mutation
2) Acquisition of new gene(s) via transfer from another species.
What is a way to curb antibiotic resistance?
Only use antibiotics when prescribed, and use the recommended full dose
What is Transformation?
The cell takes up DNA directly from environment. DNA may remain separate as a plasmid or e incorporated into host genome
What is Transduction?
Bacteriophage injects DNA that is a hybrid of viral DNA + DNA from previously infected bacterial cells.
What is Conjugation?
DNA is transferred between cells through a cytoplasmic bridge after conjugation pilus draws the two cells close enough to form a bridge
How can bacterial cells acquire new genes through conjugation?
Multidrug-resistant microbes “superbugs” - ESKAPE pathogens
What is recombinant DNA technology?
the artificial recombination of DNA from two organisms
What makes an organism transgenic?
Organisms that contain functional recombinant DNA from a different organism
What are the advantages of genetically engineered pharmaceutical products?
- mass-produce insulin
- vaccines
- human growth hormones
How do bacteria achieve genetic diversity?
- horizontal gene transfer
- ventrical gene transfer
ventrical gene transfer
mutation in chromosome passed down to daughter cell
horizontal gene transfer
The transfer of genes from one genome to other through mechanisms such as transposable elements, plasmid exchange, viral activity, and perhaps fusions of different organisms.
