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Microbiology Exam 3 > Biochemistry of the Genome - DNA + Replication (Day 10) > Flashcards

Biochemistry of the Genome - DNA + Replication (Day 10) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a Genome?

A

All of an organism genetic material

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2
Q

What is a genotype?

A

Genes order of A, T, G, C in DNA

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3
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

observable characteristics

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4
Q

Where are chromosomes housed in eukaryotic cells?

A

nucleus

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5
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

Discreate organized DNA structure that controls cellular activity

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6
Q

Prokaryotic chromosome

A

Circular, haploid (one copy of each chromosome. 12% is noncoding DNA, Extrachromosomal DNA = Plasmid + viruses

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7
Q

Eukaryotic chromosome

A

linear, Diploid 2 copies of each chromosome. 99% is non-coding DNA, Extrachromosomal DNA = mitochondria + chloroplasts

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8
Q

What is central dogma?

A

It states that DNA encodes messanger RNA, which encodes proteins. DNA - RNA - Protein (Deliver, Rolls, Please)

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9
Q

What are some factors that impact phenotype?

A

Diet, temperature, O2 levels, humidity, light cycles, etc

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10
Q

What is the biochemical structure of deoxyribonucleotides?

A

deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. 5 carbons.

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11
Q

Base pair of C-T

A

Pyrimidines (Single ringed)

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12
Q

Base pair of A-G

A

Purines (two ringed)

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13
Q

Why is the double helix of DNA described as antiparallel?

A

Due to base pairing, the DNA strands are complementary to each other, and they run in opposite directions.

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14
Q

What is the meaning of semiconservative DNA replication?

A

Every double helix in the new generation of an organism consists of one complete “old” strand and one complete “new” strand wrapped around one another

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15
Q

What is the leading strand?

A

It adds nucleotides to the 3’ end of the growing strand

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16
Q

What is the lagging stand?

A

adds nucleotides to the 5’ end

17
Q

What are Okazaki fragments?

A

Allows for DNA polymerase to synthesize to lagging strands in segments.

18
Q

What does DNA Helicase do?

A

Opens the DNA helix by breaking hydrogen bonds at the bases.

19
Q

What does DNA Primase Do?

A

Synthesises RNA primers needed to start replication

20
Q

What does DNA Polymerase I do?

A

Removes RNA primer for new DNA

21
Q

What does DNA Polymerase III do?

A

Added nucleotides in 5’ 3’ direction

22
Q

What does DNA Ligase do?

A

Seals the gaps between Okazaki fragments.

23
Q

What does Topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) do?

A

Relaxes supercoiled chromosomes to make DNA more accessible for the initiation of replication; helps relive the stress on DNA when unwinding, by causing breaks and then sealing the DNA.

24
Q

What does the sliding clamp do?

A

Helps hold DNA pol III in place when nucleotides are being added

25
Q

What is the difference between Constitutive and Regulated genes?

A

Constitutive - genes that are always expressed

Regulated - can change with response to the environment

26
Q

What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic chromosomes? (size)

A

Eukaryotic - size of genome is much LARGER
Prokaryotic - size of genome is much SMALLER

27
Q

Where is noncoding DNA found?

A

intergenic regions

28
Q

How are nucleotides linked?

A

phosphodiester bonds

29
Q

What are phosphodiester bonds

A

Bonds that are responsible for the polymerization of nucleic acids by linking sugars and phosphates of adjacent nucleotides

30
Q

How are the two DNA strands held together?

A

By hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases

31
Q

Who proposed the double helix model for DNA?

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

32
Q

___ is unique to DNA (nitrogenous base)

A

thymine

33
Q

how many atp does ETC make

A

34

34
Q

The ETC creates a concentration gradient with more H+ _____ than _____ the cell

A

Outside, inside

35
Q

oxidative phosphorylation takes place on

A

cristae in eukaryotes

Microbiology Exam 3 (4 decks)

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