Biochemistry of the Genome - Transcription, Translations + Mutations (Day 11) Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

DNA is ____

A

Double-stranded, helix shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

RNA is ____

A

Single-stranded, can fold on itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does messenger (mRNA) do?

A

Serves as an intermediary between DNA and Protein; Used by ribosomes to direct synthesis of protein it encodes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does transfer (tRNA) do?

A

Carries correct amino acids to the site of protein synthesis in the ribosome.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does ribosomal (rRNA) do?

A

Ensures proper alignment of mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomes during synthesis. (catalyzes peptide bond formations between amino acids)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How can RNA serve as hereditary information?

A

for viruses that lack DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How is RNA synthesized using DNA as a template?

A

Via transcription.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the genetic code?

A

relationship between mRNA codon and it corresponding amino acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why is the genetic code universal?

A

Several mRNA codons code for the same amino acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

In translation what is Initiation?

A

Transitional complex forms, and tRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

In translation what is Elongation?

A

tRNAs bring amino acids one by one to add to the polypeptode chain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

In translation what is Termination?

A

Release factor recognizes stop codon, the transitional complex dissociates, and completed polypeptides are released.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Translation in prokaryotes

A

70S, translation and transcription occur simultaneously (rapid cellular response)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Translation in Eukaryotes

A

80S, localized to cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do Tetracyclines do?

A

Bind to 30S ribosomal subunit and block tRNA bonding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What do Aminoglycosides do?

A

Bind to 30S ribosomal subunit, impairs proofreading and results in faulty proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What do Chloramphenicol, Macrolide, and lincosamides do?

A

Bind to 50S ribosomal subunit, prevents peptide bond formation

18
Q

What is a point mutation?

A

Change in a singular nucleotide

19
Q

What is a main shift mutation?

A

additions or delations of nucleotides that cause a shift in the reading frame

20
Q

What is a silent mutation?

A

No change in the protein sequence

21
Q

What is a missense mutation?

A

Change to the amino acid sequence

22
Q

Nucleotide excision repair is ….

A

Dark repair, allows cells to excise DNA lesions including CPDs

23
Q

Photoreactivation is ….

A

Light repair, carried out by an enzyme called DNA photolyase.

24
Q

How do different mutagens act?

A

Breaks in the backbone of DNA due to the formation of hydroxyl radicals, modify bases, non-specific in damaging DNA, proteins, and other cellular components

25
Q

What is frameshift mutation?

A

Insertion or delation of one or more bases

26
Q

What is Irradiation?

A

UV radiation causes thymine dimers in DNA, leading to lethal mutations in exposed microbes.

27
Q

What is Alkylating?

A

Replace hydrogen atoms with alkyl groups (used in strong disinfectants)

28
Q

What is the primary mode of action of nonionizing radiation?

A

make thymine dimers

29
Q

What is the position within a codon in which changes often result in the incorporation of the same amino acid into the growing polypeptide called?

A

wobble position

30
Q

What is typically the first codon on the DNA template strand that signals the start for a protein?

A

TAC

31
Q

Stop codon recognized by a

A

releasing factor

32
Q

As used tRNAs move into the E site they are

A

released

33
Q

The first amino acid is always

A

methionine

34
Q

To begin translation the Met-tRNA binds the

A

P site

35
Q

The second charged tRNA binds the

A

A site

36
Q

The decoding center consists of which three sites

A

A, P, E

37
Q

start codon

A

AUG

38
Q

Transcription termination relies on a

A

hairpin loop at the end of the mRNA

39
Q

Sigma factors are necessary for

A

the recognition of a

promoter

40
Q

Transcription initiation begins at a

A

promotor