Genetic Engineering Flashcards
the process by which pieces of DNA or RNA are transferred from one organism to another through artificial manipulation or alteration of genes
Genetically Modified Organism
THREE EXAMPLES OF GMO
- Traditional Crossbreeding
- Mutagenesis
- Gene Editing
among filipinos which leads to night blindness and weakened immunity; world wide issue
Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) - THE PROBLEM
developed by philippines department of agriculture-philippine rice research institute (DA-PhilRice) and International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) and have been development for 20 years
Golden Rice (A GMO)
IRRI - a single cup can deliver about half of the estimated average requirement (EAR) of Vitamin A
Golden Rice (A GMO)
July 2021 - the ph government issued a biosafety permit, officially declaring _____ as safe as ordinary rice. Reviewed for use: US, Canada, Australia, Bangladesh, New Zealand
Golden Rice (A GMO)
is a type of genetically altered organism that has a gene in its - genome—a transgene—from another organism.
A transgenic organism
is introduced into the organism, either naturally or by genetic engineering, and is responsible for an altered genotype (genetic) and phenotype (physical).
transgene
from maize (Zea mays), expression of beta carotene
ZmPSY1
from the Pantoea ananatis bacterium, accelerates the creation of the precursor to beta carotene
CRTI
from the Escherichia coli bacterium, ensures that the synthesized growth medium is broken down by the organism
PMI
is the laboratory techniques for isolating purifying, sequencing, analyzing, and manipulating DNA sequences
DNA TECHNOLOGY
is the use of DNA technology to modify the genome (all genetic information) of a cell or organism in a targeted way to alter its phenotype (physical characteristics)
GENETIC ENGINEERING
use of biological systems or living organisms to make or modify products or processes for a specific purpose
BIOTECHNOLOGY
or restriction endonucleases are a type of protein that can cut DNA at specific locations called restriction sites
RESTRICTION ENZYMES
is naturally occurring in bacteria to defend against infecting viruses by cutting the DNA. This creates DNA fragments
RESTRICTION ENZYMES
Different types of REs are used to _______ DNA of the donor organism to isolate the target gene
cut off
is essentially artificial DNA replication. Through this technique, a large number of copies of a specific DNA sequence (like a gene) is produced
POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR)
is used for DNA amplification (creating copies of DNA fragment) and for gene cloning
POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR)
HOW IS GOLDEN RICE DEVELOPED
- gene identification, isolation, and extraction
- the genes are inserted into a bacterial plasmid (circular dna) these are edited within a species called Agrobacterium tumefaciens
- the recombinant Agrobacterium, capable of gene transfer, is then used to infect rice embryos
corn engineered to contain spores of the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) kills insect pest but does not harm humans
PEST RESISTANCE, TRANGENIC BT CORN
PEST RESISTANCE, TRANGENIC BT CORN (STEPS)
- corn plant destroyed by butterfly larvae (caterpillars)
- bacterial gene coding for Bt crystals, which are poisonous to the caterpillars, is inserted directly into the corn plant’s DNA
- Bt crystals within corn cells prevent insect predation, so pesticides are no longer needed
MASS PRODUCTION OF INSULIN USING GMO
transgenic bacteria which contains the human INS gene, for insulin production, are cultured in large fermentation tanks. The insulin is harvested from the transgenic bacteria and then purified for our medical needs
OTHER GMO PRODUCTS APPROVED IN THE PHILIPPINES
- alfafa
- argentine canola
- cotton
- maize corn
- potato
GMO ETHICAL CONCERNS
- Is it truly necessary?
- potential allergies (health)
- antibiotic resistance
- spreading of GMO genes with natural organisms through crossbreeding
- unknown effect on biodiversity
- may spread unwanted pesticide or herbicide resistance
- possible socio-economic effects due to the cost of GMOs
is a programmable RNA-guided genome engineering tool that can make specific changes to DNA sequences, like genes
CRISPR-CAs9 system
it is derived from prokaryotic immune system. The unique sequences were “captured” from previous encounters with bacteriophages and plasmids and represent a molecular memory of the invading DNAs
CRISPR (CLUSTERS OF REGULARLY INTERSPERSED SHORT PALINDROMIC REPEATS)
HOW DOES CRISPR WORK IN BACTERIA?
- virus invades bacteria cell
- new spacer is derived from virus and integrated into CRISPR sequence
- CRISPR RNA is formed
- CRISPR RNA guides molecular machinery to target and destroy viral genome
HOW DOES CRISPR WORK IN GENETIC ENGINEERING?
- the cas9 protein and the designed segment guide (sg) RNA is inserted into the cell
- the sgRNA designed to match the DNA region of interest directs molecular machinery to cut both strands of the targeted DNA
- the cas9 cleaves the two strands of DNA
deactivation of the gene through nonhomologous repair
Gene Silencing
insertion of a new gene sequence through homologous directed repair
Gene Editing
CRIPR APPLICATIONS IN BOTH BASIC AND APPLIED RESEARCH
- correcting gene mutations (such as for gene therapy research)
- creating specific mutations
- knocking out genes
- inserting genes
- engineering animals for use in human organ transplants
- engineering crops and livestock to improve yields and disease resistance
- developing animal models of human genetic diseases
this is a DNA technique that produces an extremely large number of copies of a specific DNA sequence without having to clone the sequence in a host organism
POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION
are short single-stranded DNA designed to isolate the sequence of interest
Primers
the DNA is heated to ‘unzip’ or separate the two DNA strand
Denaturation
the DNA is cooled to allow the primers to bind to the target DNA region
Annealing
an enzyme called Taq polymerase extends the bonded primer to make new complementary copies of the two template strands
Extension
