Genetic Eng Flashcards
What is genetic Engineering
- process of altering the DNA in an organism genome
What are the three ways to change a genome
Change - one base pair
Delete - a region of DNA
introduce - an additional gene
If new DNA from another organism’s genome is newly combined for a DNA sequence - what is this called
Recombinant DNA
describe Whole Genome Sequencing
It is when you extract genomic DNA from a source
What are the benefits of Whole genome sequencing
provides sequencing data to understand the functional diversity and characteristics of microbiomes
next gen sequence techs enable efficient sequencing.
Describe Metagenomic Sequencing
when DNA sequencing of whole microbiome without the need of cultivation
What is amplicon Sequencing
A specific targeting of one small region of the genomic sequence
Changes one or so letters in genetic code
describe the two main sequencing technologies
First and second generation: First is older, applied in a smaller scale and more labour intensive
Second generation: newer, large scale and faster.
Describe PCR
Targets a sequence and rapidly and specifically reproduces it
done by the enzyme that replicates DNA
It is done in a tube and the product is the template for sequencing
Describe what is induced mutagenesis and what the three causes are
induced mutagens are factors that increase mutations rates. three are: infectious agents, radiation and chemicals.
What are the three genetic mutations
Missense, nonsense and silent
What is silent mutation
Produces a normal protein that can be used
what is a nonsense mutation
stops the codon from producing the protein
Missense mutation
changes amino acid sequence to a faulty protein.
What is a frameshift mutation
The deletion or insertion of bases that result in a shift in the reading frame. This will scramble the whole downward sequence.
Describe Genotype and phenotype
this is the genetic makeup of an organism. Phenotype are the observable characteristics
Describe the use of plasmids
Plasmids are circular DNA that naturally occur in bacteria. This is exploited by using Plasmids as expression vectors that reproduce specific DNA sequences.
What can a restriction Enzyme do
Can recognize a specific, short sequence in DNA (recognition sequence) then cut the DNA at the restriction site.
What ways can recombinant DNA be introduced into host cells
Transformation
Transduction
Transfection
Describe transformation
uptake of genetic material from the environment by bacterial cells
Describe transduction
the viral based introduction of foreign DNA into bacterial or eukaryotic cells
Describe Transfection
Foreign DNA is introduced into a eukaryotic cell through non-viral methods
