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A Level Biology - Genetic Information, Variation And Relationships Between Organisms > Genetic Diversity Can Arise As A Result Of Mutation Or During Meiosis > Flashcards

Genetic Diversity Can Arise As A Result Of Mutation Or During Meiosis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the name of a cell that contains two of each chromosome

A

Diploid

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2
Q

Chromosomes that make up a pair have the same …. and same… but have different …

A

Size
Genes
Alleles

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3
Q

What are the gametes in males and females

A

Sperm
Egg

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4
Q

What is the name for cells that only contain half number of chromosomes

A

Haploid

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5
Q

Abbreviation for haploid and diploid

A

Haploid - n
Diploid - 2n

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6
Q

How many chromosomes does a human cell contain

A

46 chromosomes
23 pairs of chromosomes

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7
Q

How may daughter cells are produced during meiosis

A

4

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8
Q

Meiosis produces daughter cells that are genetically different/ the same

A

Different

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9
Q

Does meiosis produce haploids or diploids

A

Haploid

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10
Q

How many divisions is meiosis

A

2

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11
Q

When does crossing over and independent segregation occur during meiosis

A

First round of division
Meiosis 1

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12
Q

How to calculate number of possible combination of homologous pairs

A

2^n
Aka 2^23 because 23 pairs of homologous pairs

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13
Q

What is independent segregation

A

When the homologous chromosomes separate in the 1st round of division in meiosis you can have any combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes

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14
Q

What does crossing over and independent segregation result in overall

A

Genetic variation

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15
Q

Differences between mitosis and meiosis x3

A

Meiosis vs mitosis
Two divisions vs one divisions
Produces haploid vs produces diploid
Genetically different vs genetically identical

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16
Q

Top tip for when doing life cycles

A

2n and n
These will always be there label them

17
Q

When is there additional variation excluding meiosis + formula

A

Fertilisation because more possible combinations of chromosomes
(2^23)^2

18
Q

What is a gene mutation (generic)

A

When a gene mutation is when there is a change to the base sequence of chromosomes

19
Q

When do mutations in DNA occur

A

Spontaneously during DNA replication

20
Q

Why is mutations in DNA bad

A

The different base sequence results in different amino acid sequence in the polypeptide
This means different bonds E.g. ionic bonds and the polypeptide will fold differently
Can’t carry out its function properly

21
Q

What are the two types of mutation

A

Substitution
Deletion

22
Q

What does degenerate mean

A

Amino acids are coded for by more than one DNA base triplet

23
Q

Which one will definitely change the protein produced

A

Deletion always

24
Q

What are mutagenic agent

A

Substances that increases the rate of mutation and lead to cancer

25
Q

What are the two types of mutagenic agent

A

High energy and ionising radiation
Carcinogens

26
Q

Names three carcinogens

A

Tobacco smoke
Mustard gas
Peroxides

27
Q

What is non-disjunction and when does it happen

A

When the chromosomes fail to separate
Meiosis 1 or 2 (less commonly mitosis)

28
Q

How does fertilisation increase genetic variation

A

RANDOM fertilisation
New alleles combinations produced

29
Q

How can a new allele have no effect on individual

A

New allele is recessive so does not influence phenotype

30
Q

How can a mutation be advantageous

A

Results in change in polypeptide that positively changes the properties of the protein
May result in increased survival changes

31
Q

What one thing can effect rate of mutation

A

The environment

32
Q

What does is mean by the genetic code is non-overlapping

A

Base triplets do not share bases

33
Q

What is a homologous chromosome

A

Matching pair of chromosomes

34
Q

What is it called when a base is deleted so all the base triplets move

A

Frame shift

A Level Biology - Genetic Information, Variation And Relationships Between Organisms (8 decks)

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