genesis lozano chp 5

Question 1

harriet tubman

Answer 1

born a slave in maryland in the early 1820s, tubman escaped to the freedom and became a conductor on the underground railroad. she led more than seventy people to freedom in the north, served in the union during the civil war, and championed women’s suffrage

Question 2

abolitionist

Answer 2

a supporter, especially in the early nineteenth century, of ending the institution of slavery

Question 3

civil rights

Answer 3

the government-protected rights of individuals against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by governments or individuals

Question 4

equal protection clause

Answer 4

section of the fourteenth amendment that guarantees that all citizens receive “equal protection of the laws”

Question 5

frederick douglass

Answer 5

a former slave born in the early 1800s who became a leading abolitionist, writer, and suffragist

Question 6

elizabeth cady stanton

Answer 6

leading nineteenth-century feminist, suffragist, and abolitionist who, along with lucretia mott, organized the seneca falls convention. stanton later founded the national woman suffrage association (NWSA) with susan b. anthony

Question 7

lucretia mott

Answer 7

leading nineteenth-century feminist, suffragist, and abolitionist who, along with elizabeth cady stanton, organized the seneca falls convention

Question 8

seneca falls convention

Answer 8

the first major feminist meeting, held in new york state in 1848, which produced the historic “declaration of sentiments” calling for equal rights for women

Question 9

dred scott v. sandford (1857)

Answer 9

a supreme court decision that ruled the missouri compromise unconstitutional and denied citizenship rights to enslaved african americans. dred scott heightened tensions between the pro-slavery south and the abolitionist north in the run-up to the civil war

Question 10

emancipation proclamation

Answer 10

president abraham lincoln issued this proclamation on january 1, 1863, in the third year of the civil war. it freed all slaves in states that were in active rebellion against the united states.

Question 11

thirteenth amendment

Answer 11

one of three major amendments ratified after the civil war; specifically bans slavery in the united states

Question 12

fourteenth amendment

Answer 12

one of the three major amendments ratified after the civil war; guarantees equal protection and due process of the law to all u.s. citizens

Question 13

fifteenth amendment

Answer 13

one of three major amendments ratified after the civil war; specifically enfranchised newly freed male slaves

Question 14

susan b. anthony

Answer 14

nineteenth-century feminist, suffragist, and founder of the national woman suffrage association with elizabeth cady stanton. anthony later formed the national american woman suffrage association (NAWSA), which along with the national woman’s party (NWP) helped to ensure ratification of the nineteenth amendment

Question 15

civil rights act of 1875

Answer 15

passed by congress to enforce the fourteenth amendment’s guarantees of equal protection to african americans. granted equal access to public accommodations among other provisions

Question 16

jim crow laws

Answer 16

laws enacted by southern states that required segregation in public schools. theaters, hotels, and other public accommodations

Question 17

poll taxes

Answer 17

taxes levied in many southern states and localities that had to be paid before an eligible voter could cast a ballot

Question 18

grandfather clause

Answer 18

voter qualification provision in many souther states that allowed only those citizens whose grandfathers hadvoted before reconstruction to vote unless they passed a wealth or literacy test

Question 19

progressive era (1890-1920)

Answer 19

a period of widerspread activism to reform political, economic, and social ills in the united states

Question 20

plessy v. ferguson (1896)

Answer 20

supreme court case that challenged a Louisiana statute requiring that railroads provide seperate accommodations for blacks and whites; the court found that separate but equal accommodations did not violate the equal protection clause of the fourteenth amendment

Question 21

separate-but-equal doctrine

Answer 21

the central tenet of the plessy v. ferguson decision that claimed that separate accommodations for blacks and whites did not violate the constitution. this doctrine was used by southern states to pass widespread discriminatory legislation at the end of the nineteenth century

Question 22

national association for the advancement of colored people (NAACP)

Answer 22

an important rights organization founded in 1909 to oppose segregation. racism, and voting rights violations targeted against African Americans

Question 23

national american woman suffrage associations (NAWSA)

Answer 23

organization created by joining the national and american woman suffrage associations

Question 24

suffrage movement

Answer 24

the drive for voting rights for women that took place in the united states in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries until ratification of the nineteenth amendment in 1920

Question 25

nineteenth amendment

Answer 25

amendment to the constitution passed in 1920 that guaranteed women the right to vote

Question 26

NAACP legal defense and educational fund (LDF)

Answer 26

the legal arm of the NAACP that successfully litigated the landmark case of brown v. board of education and a host of other key civil rights cases

Question 27

thurgood marshall

Answer 27

a leading civil rights lawyer and the first head of the NAACP’s legal defense and educational fund. marshall was the first african american appointed to the supreme court and serced on the court from 1967 until 1991

Question 28

harry s. truman

Answer 28

the thirty-third president, a democrat, who served from 1945 until 1953. truman became president when franklin d. roosevelt died in office, he led the united states through the end of world war ii and the start of the cold war

Question 29

brown v. board of education (1954)

Answer 29

u.s. Supreme Court decision holding that school segregation is inherently unconstitutional because it violates the fourteenth amendment’s guarantee of equal protection of the law

Question 30

Dwight d. elsenhower

Answer 30

the thirty-fourth president, a republican, who served from 1953 to 1961. Eisenhower commanded allied forces during world war ii

Question 31

rosa parks

Answer 31

a leading civil rights activist of the twentieth century. parks was most notably involved with the Montgomery bus boycott

Question 32

Martin Luther king jr.

Answer 32

a baptist minister, proponent of non-violence, and the most prominent leader of the vigil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. he was assassinated on April 4, 1968

Question 33

John f. Kennedy

Answer 33

the thirty-fifth president, a democrat, who served from 1961 to 1963 and marked a generational shift in u.s politics at the height of the Cold War. he was assassinated November 22, 1963

Question 34

civil rights act of 1964

Answer 34

wide-ranging legislation passed bu congress to outlaw segregation in public facilities and discrimination in employment, education, and voting; created the equal employment opportunity commission

Question 35

national organization for women (NOW)

Answer 35

A major feminist organization founded when the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission failed to enforce a clause in the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibiting discrimination on the basis of gender.

Question 36

Eleanor roosevelt

Answer 36

FDR’s Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women

Question 37

equal pay act of 1963

Answer 37

prohibits employers from discrimination on the basis of sex between employees at the same establishment who perform equal work in equivalent position under similar working conditions

Question 38

title ix

Answer 38

No person in the US shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participating in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance

Question 39

equal rights amendment (ERA)

Answer 39

The proposed Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) states that the rights guaranteed by the Constitution apply equally to all persons regardless of their sex.

Question 40

league of united Latin American citizens (LULAC)

Answer 40

combination of several Mexican-American organization successfully challenged the segregated school systems in California

Question 41

teaser chavez

Answer 41

labor organizer who, with Dolores Huerta, founded the united farm workers union (UFW) in 1960s

Question 42

dolores huerta

Answer 42

labor organizer who, with Cesar chavez, founded the united farm workers union (UFW) in 1960s

Question 43

Mexican American legal defense and educational fund (MALDEF)

Answer 43

an organization modeled on the NAACP legal defense and educational fund that works to protect the civil rights of Americans of Mexican and other hispanic heritage

Question 44

Chinese exclusion act

Answer 44

a law passed by congress in 1882 that prohibited all new immigration into the u.s. from china

Question 45

korematsu v. u.s (1944)

Answer 45

a Supreme Court ruling that upheld the authority of the u.s. government to require mass interment of people of Japanese ancestry in the United States during world war ii

Question 46

LGBT community

Answer 46

a minority group based on sexual orientation and gender identity that includes lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people

Question 47

Lawrence v. texas (2003)

Answer 47

a 2003 Supreme Court ruling that anti-sodomy laws violated the constitutional right to privacy

Question 48

United States v. Windsor (2013)

Answer 48

a Supreme Court ruling striking down the 1996 defense of marriage act (DOMA), which prohibited federal recognition of same-sex marriages

Question 49

oberfefell v. Hodges (2015)

Answer 49

Supreme Court ruling that held that same-sex couples have a fundamental right to marry under the constitution

Question 50

Americans with disabilities act (ADA)

Answer 50

a law enacted by congress in 1990 designed to guarantee accommodations and access for people with a wide range of disabilities

Question 51

standards of review

Answer 51

the levels of deference the court gives governments to craft policies that make distinctions on the basis of personal characteristics. these standards stem from the courts need to ensure that laws do not undermine the fourteenth amendment’s equal protection clause

Question 52

suspect classifications

Answer 52

category or class, such as race or a fundamental freedom, that triggers the highest standard of scrutiny from the Supreme Court

Question 53

strict scrutiny

Answer 53

a heightened standard of review used by the Supreme Court to determine the constitutional validly of a challenged practice. legislation affecting the fundamental freedoms of speech, assembly, religion, and the press as well as suspect classifications are automatically accorded this level of review

Question 54

affirmative action

Answer 54

policies designed to give special attention of compensatory treatment ro members of a previously disadvantaged group

Question 55

intermediate standard of review

Answer 55

a standard of review in which the court determines whether classifications serve an important governmental objective and are substantially related serving that objective. gender related legislation automatically accorded this level or review

Question 56

rational basis standard of review

Answer 56

a standard of review in which the court determines whether any rational foundation for the discrimination exists. legislation affecting individuals based on age, wealth, mental capacity are generally given this level of review