Genes and Genomes

Question 0

Cytoplasm

Answer 0

Inner contents of a cells between you the nucleus and plasma membrane

Question 1

Plasma membrane

Answer 1

Double-layer structure of lipids and proteins that surrounds the outer surface of cells

Question 2

Organelles

Answer 2

Structures in the cell that perform specific functions

Question 3

DNA

Answer 3

A nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms

Question 4

Transformation

Answer 4

The uptake of DNA by bacterial cells

Question 5

Gene

Answer 5

A sequence of nucleotides that provides cells with the instructions for the synthesis of a specific protein or type of RNA

Question 6

Chromosomes

Answer 6

Highly cooled and tightly condensed package of DNA and protein

Question 7

Chromatin

Answer 7

Strings of DNA and DNA-binding proteins called histones

Question 8

Mitosis

Answer 8

One cell divides to form two daughter cells, each with an identical copy of the parent cell DNA (2n)

Question 9

Semiconservative replication

Answer 9

Replication occurs in such a manner that, after replication, each helix contains one original (parental) DNA strand and one newly synthesised DNA strand

Question 10

Steps in DNA replication

Answer 10

1. Unwinding the DNA
2. Adding short segments of RNA
3. Copying the DNA

Question 11

Helicase

Answer 11

An enzyme breaks the hydrogen bonds holding the two DNA strands (unzips DNA)

Question 12

Primase

Answer 12

An enzyme that adds RNA primers (RNA primers start the replication process)

Question 13

DNA Polymerase

Answer 13

Enzyme binds to the RNA primers. Uses nucleotides to synthesise complementary strands of DNA

Question 14

Mutation

Answer 14

Change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA

Question 15

Inherited mutations

Answer 15

Those passed onto offspring through gametes. Mutation is present in the genome of all the offspring’s cells

Question 16

Acquired mutations

Answer 16

occur in the genome of somatic cells

Question 17

Origins of replication

Answer 17

Regions of DNA in which the separation of complementary strands occurs

Question 18

Point mutation

Answer 18

Changes in a single nucleotide

Question 19

Silent mutation

Answer 19

Mutation changes codon into another codon which codes for the same amino acid

Question 20

Missense mutation

Answer 20

Mutation changes codon into codon that codes for a different amino acid but does not change the structure or function of the protein

Question 21

Nonsense mutation

Answer 21

Changes a codon into a stop codon, shortened proteins

Question 22

Transcription

Answer 22

Genes are copied from DNA code to RNA code

Question 23

Translation

Answer 23

RNA code is used to sequence amino acids to form a protein

Question 24

Transcription steps

Answer 24

1) Initiation
2) Elongation
3) Termination

Question 25

Genetic code

Answer 25

Universal language of genetics used by virtually all living organisms

Question 26

Function of mRNA

Answer 26

Exact copy of gene. Carries genetic code from nucleus to cytoplasm

Question 27

Function of rRNA

Answer 27

Component of ribosomes, organelles responsible for protein synthesis

Question 28

Function of tRNA

Answer 28

Transports amino acids to ribosome. Contains an anticodon which binds to mRNA in order to sequence amino acids.

Question 29

Ribosome

Answer 29

Organelle in which mRNA is translated to protein

Question 30

Gene regulation

Answer 30

How genes are turned on and off in response to different signals

Question 31

Gene expression

Answer 31

Production of mRBA by a cell

Question 32

DNA binding motifs

Answer 32

Folded structural arrangement of amino acids that interact directly with the DNA

Question 33

Cis-acting elements

Answer 33

DNA sequence that can effect the expression of its own gene

Question 34

Trans-acting elements

Answer 34

Proteins that bind indirectly to cis- acting elements and regulate transcription initiation

Question 35

Function of silencer

Answer 35

To repress transcription when interacting with certain proteins

Question 36

Operons

Answer 36

Cluster of several related genes located together and controlled by a single promoter

Question 37

Epigenome

Answer 37

Modifications to chromatin structure which do not involve changes in DNA sequence

Question 38

Name three modification type of epigenome

Answer 38

Phosphorylation
Acetylation
Methylation

Question 39

5’ end capping

Answer 39

The triphosphate structure at the 5’ end of the mRNA is replaced by a “cap”