Genes and Genomes Flashcards

0
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Inner contents of a cells between you the nucleus and plasma membrane

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1
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Double-layer structure of lipids and proteins that surrounds the outer surface of cells

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2
Q

Organelles

A

Structures in the cell that perform specific functions

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3
Q

DNA

A

A nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms

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4
Q

Transformation

A

The uptake of DNA by bacterial cells

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5
Q

Gene

A

A sequence of nucleotides that provides cells with the instructions for the synthesis of a specific protein or type of RNA

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6
Q

Chromosomes

A

Highly cooled and tightly condensed package of DNA and protein

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7
Q

Chromatin

A

Strings of DNA and DNA-binding proteins called histones

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8
Q

Mitosis

A

One cell divides to form two daughter cells, each with an identical copy of the parent cell DNA (2n)

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9
Q

Semiconservative replication

A

Replication occurs in such a manner that, after replication, each helix contains one original (parental) DNA strand and one newly synthesised DNA strand

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10
Q

Steps in DNA replication

A
  1. Unwinding the DNA
  2. Adding short segments of RNA
  3. Copying the DNA
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11
Q

Helicase

A

An enzyme breaks the hydrogen bonds holding the two DNA strands (unzips DNA)

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12
Q

Primase

A

An enzyme that adds RNA primers (RNA primers start the replication process)

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13
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

Enzyme binds to the RNA primers. Uses nucleotides to synthesise complementary strands of DNA

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14
Q

Mutation

A

Change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA

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15
Q

Inherited mutations

A

Those passed onto offspring through gametes. Mutation is present in the genome of all the offspring’s cells

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16
Q

Acquired mutations

A

occur in the genome of somatic cells

17
Q

Origins of replication

A

Regions of DNA in which the separation of complementary strands occurs

18
Q

Point mutation

A

Changes in a single nucleotide

19
Q

Silent mutation

A

Mutation changes codon into another codon which codes for the same amino acid

20
Q

Missense mutation

A

Mutation changes codon into codon that codes for a different amino acid but does not change the structure or function of the protein

21
Q

Nonsense mutation

A

Changes a codon into a stop codon, shortened proteins

22
Q

Transcription

A

Genes are copied from DNA code to RNA code

23
Q

Translation

A

RNA code is used to sequence amino acids to form a protein

24
Transcription steps
1) Initiation 2) Elongation 3) Termination
25
Genetic code
Universal language of genetics used by virtually all living organisms
26
Function of mRNA
Exact copy of gene. Carries genetic code from nucleus to cytoplasm
27
Function of rRNA
Component of ribosomes, organelles responsible for protein synthesis
28
Function of tRNA
Transports amino acids to ribosome. Contains an anticodon which binds to mRNA in order to sequence amino acids.
29
Ribosome
Organelle in which mRNA is translated to protein
30
Gene regulation
How genes are turned on and off in response to different signals
31
Gene expression
Production of mRBA by a cell
32
DNA binding motifs
Folded structural arrangement of amino acids that interact directly with the DNA
33
Cis-acting elements
DNA sequence that can effect the expression of its own gene
34
Trans-acting elements
Proteins that bind indirectly to cis- acting elements and regulate transcription initiation
35
Function of silencer
To repress transcription when interacting with certain proteins
36
Operons
Cluster of several related genes located together and controlled by a single promoter
37
Epigenome
Modifications to chromatin structure which do not involve changes in DNA sequence
38
Name three modification type of epigenome
Phosphorylation Acetylation Methylation
39
5' end capping
The triphosphate structure at the 5' end of the mRNA is replaced by a "cap"