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Biology Keywords > Genes > Flashcards

Genes Flashcards

1
Q

Degenerate code

A

Amino acids coded in triplet codes

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2
Q

Non-overlapping

A

The bases are read once

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3
Q

Universal

A

Triplet codes for the same amino acid in all organisms

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4
Q

Exons

A

The coding sequence

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5
Q

Introns

A

Exons are separated by further non-coding sequences.

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6
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

A cell without a nucleus and membrane bound organelle

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7
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

A cell with membrane bound organelle and chromosomes

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8
Q

Histones

A

DNA molecules are longer, form a line and occur in association with proteins

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9
Q

Chromosome

A

Histones group together

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10
Q

Chromatid

A

Each piece of chromosome is made by this.

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11
Q

Homologous pairs

A

Chromosomes which pair up

Sperm and egg

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12
Q

Diploid

A

Cells when the nucleus contains 2 sets of chromosomes

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13
Q

Meiosis

A

The type of division in which the number of chromosomes is half

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14
Q

mRNA

A

Takes the code from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

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15
Q

Codon

A

A sequence of 3 nucleotides which codes for a amino acids

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16
Q

Genome

A

Complete set of genes in a cell

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17
Q

Proteome

A

Range of proteins produced by the genome

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18
Q

RNA

A

A polymer made up of repeating nucleotide sub-units

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19
Q

Pentose sugar

A

A sugar with 5 carbon atoms

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20
Q

Complete proteome

A

Proteins produced by a given type of cell under set conditions

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21
Q

Anticodon

A

A sequence of 3 nucleotides in tRNA

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22
Q

Transcription

A

A sequence is made in form station of pre-mRNA

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23
Q

Translation

A

TRNA molecules attach and the amino acids they carry form a polypeptide

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24
Q

Nucleotide

A

Complex chemicals made up of an organic base, a sugar and a phosphate

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25
Q

Template strand

A

Nucleotide bases on one of the two DNA strands

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26
Q

Splicing

A

Introns removed and functional exons are joined together

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27
Q

Peptide bond

A

Chemical bond between 2 amino acids

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28
Q

Mutation

A

A change to the quantity/stequence of bases in the DNA

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29
Q

Gene mutation

A

Change to +1 bases/change in base sequence

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30
Q

Chromosome mutation

A

Changes in structure/ number of whole chromosome

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31
Q

Polyploidy

A

Organisms have 3+ sets of chromosome, rather than the usual 2

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32
Q

Non-disjunction

A

Pairs of chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis

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33
Q

Hybridisation

A

Combining the genes of different species of organisms, to produce a hybrid

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34
Q

Hybrid

A

An organism with combined changes. Parents are from different species

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35
Q

Mitosis

A

The type of division the daughter cells have the same amount of chromosomes as the parent cells

36
Q

Gametes

A

Sex cells fuses with another cell during reproduction.

37
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Paired of chromosomes. One maternal and paternal. They contain different alleles

38
Q

Gene

A

Section of DNA, coding for one or more polypeptides.

39
Q

Allele

A

One of a number of alternative forms of a gene

40
Q

Independent segregation

A

The combination of chromosomes of maternal and paternal origin which go into the daughter cell

41
Q

Crossing over

A

Chromatids cross over one another many times

42
Q

Recombination

A

Broken-off portions of chromatids recombine with another chromosome

43
Q

Species

A

A group of similar organisms which an breed to produce fertile off spring.

44
Q

Allele frequency

A

Frequency of alleles at a locus

45
Q

Gene pool

A

Total number of alleles in a particular population at a specific area

46
Q

Directional selection

A

Selection which favours individuals which vary in one direction from the mean of the population

47
Q

Stabilising selection

A

Selection which favours average individuals.

48
Q

Polygenes

A

Most characteristics are influenced by more than one gene

49
Q

Normal distribution curve

A

A bell-shaped curve produced when a certain distribution is plotted on a graph

50
Q

Anatomical

A

Adaptations for climates

51
Q

Physiological

A

Move to keep surviving

52
Q

Behavioural

A

Animals behave differently use to the season

53
Q

Binomial system

A

Organisms are identified by two names

54
Q

Generic name

A

The category the animal belongs to

55
Q

Specific name

A

The species the animal belongs to

56
Q

Bacteria

A

A group of single cell prokaryotes

57
Q

Chitin

A

A fibrous substance consisting of polysaccharides.

58
Q

Archea

A

A group of single celled prokaryotes, resemble bacteria

59
Q

Ether

A

Archaea membrane is held together by these linkages between fatty acids and a glycerol

60
Q

Eukarya

A

An group of organisms made up of 1+ eukaryotic cells

61
Q

Ester

A

A bond between a fatty acid and a glycerol

62
Q

Eukarya domain into kingdoms

A

Protoctista, fungi, plantae, animalia

63
Q

Phyla

A

Largest groups within kingdoms

64
Q

Classes

A

Kingdoms can be split into there’s by specificity

65
Q

Phylogeny

A

Evolutionary line of descent of group members

66
Q

Artificial selection

A

Breeding of organisms by human selection in order to get certain characteristics.

67
Q

Biodiversity

A

Variety of organisms in a particular area

68
Q

Species diversity

A

Number of species and individuals of each species within a community

69
Q

Community

A

All the living organisms present in an ecosystem at a given time

70
Q

Genetic diversity

A

Variety of genes individuals have that make up a population of a species

71
Q

Ecosystem diversity.

A

Range of different habitats

72
Q

Species richness

A

A measurement of species diversity

73
Q

Habitats

A

Where an organism can sustain life

74
Q

Ecosystem

A

All the living and non-living components of a particular area

75
Q

Biomass

A

Total mass of living material, normally measure in a specific area over a given period of time

76
Q

Intercropping

A

The practise of growing 2+ in close proximity

77
Q

Nitrogen fixing

A

The incorporation of atmospheric nitrogen gas into organic nitrogen-containing compounds

78
Q

Enzymes

A

A protein which acts as a catalysts

79
Q

Antibodies

A

A protein produced by lymphocytes in response to an antigen

80
Q

Antigen

A

A molecule that triggers an immune response

81
Q

Serum

A

Clear liquid left after a blood clot.

82
Q

Interspecific variation

A

One species differs from another one.

83
Q

Intraspecific variation

A

Same species differs from another

84
Q

Sampling bias

A

Scientists pick things to get best results for hypothesis

85
Q

Chance

A

Scientists reduce being biast

86
Q

Random sampling

A

Collecting samples without human involvement.

87
Q

Locus

A

Position of a gene on chromosome or DNA molecule.

Biology Keywords (4 decks)

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