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Genes Flashcards

1
Q

Degenerate code

A

Amino acids coded in triplet codes

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2
Q

Non-overlapping

A

The bases are read once

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3
Q

Universal

A

Triplet codes for the same amino acid in all organisms

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4
Q

Exons

A

The coding sequence

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5
Q

Introns

A

Exons are separated by further non-coding sequences.

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6
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

A cell without a nucleus and membrane bound organelle

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7
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

A cell with membrane bound organelle and chromosomes

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8
Q

Histones

A

DNA molecules are longer, form a line and occur in association with proteins

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9
Q

Chromosome

A

Histones group together

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10
Q

Chromatid

A

Each piece of chromosome is made by this.

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11
Q

Homologous pairs

A

Chromosomes which pair up

Sperm and egg

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12
Q

Diploid

A

Cells when the nucleus contains 2 sets of chromosomes

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13
Q

Meiosis

A

The type of division in which the number of chromosomes is half

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14
Q

mRNA

A

Takes the code from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

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15
Q

Codon

A

A sequence of 3 nucleotides which codes for a amino acids

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16
Q

Genome

A

Complete set of genes in a cell

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17
Q

Proteome

A

Range of proteins produced by the genome

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18
Q

RNA

A

A polymer made up of repeating nucleotide sub-units

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19
Q

Pentose sugar

A

A sugar with 5 carbon atoms

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20
Q

Complete proteome

A

Proteins produced by a given type of cell under set conditions

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21
Q

Anticodon

A

A sequence of 3 nucleotides in tRNA

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22
Q

Transcription

A

A sequence is made in form station of pre-mRNA

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23
Q

Translation

A

TRNA molecules attach and the amino acids they carry form a polypeptide

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24
Q

Nucleotide

A

Complex chemicals made up of an organic base, a sugar and a phosphate

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25
Template strand
Nucleotide bases on one of the two DNA strands
26
Splicing
Introns removed and functional exons are joined together
27
Peptide bond
Chemical bond between 2 amino acids
28
Mutation
A change to the quantity/stequence of bases in the DNA
29
Gene mutation
Change to +1 bases/change in base sequence
30
Chromosome mutation
Changes in structure/ number of whole chromosome
31
Polyploidy
Organisms have 3+ sets of chromosome, rather than the usual 2
32
Non-disjunction
Pairs of chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis
33
Hybridisation
Combining the genes of different species of organisms, to produce a hybrid
34
Hybrid
An organism with combined changes. Parents are from different species
35
Mitosis
The type of division the daughter cells have the same amount of chromosomes as the parent cells
36
Gametes
Sex cells fuses with another cell during reproduction.
37
Homologous chromosomes
Paired of chromosomes. One maternal and paternal. They contain different alleles
38
Gene
Section of DNA, coding for one or more polypeptides.
39
Allele
One of a number of alternative forms of a gene
40
Independent segregation
The combination of chromosomes of maternal and paternal origin which go into the daughter cell
41
Crossing over
Chromatids cross over one another many times
42
Recombination
Broken-off portions of chromatids recombine with another chromosome
43
Species
A group of similar organisms which an breed to produce fertile off spring.
44
Allele frequency
Frequency of alleles at a locus
45
Gene pool
Total number of alleles in a particular population at a specific area
46
Directional selection
Selection which favours individuals which vary in one direction from the mean of the population
47
Stabilising selection
Selection which favours average individuals.
48
Polygenes
Most characteristics are influenced by more than one gene
49
Normal distribution curve
A bell-shaped curve produced when a certain distribution is plotted on a graph
50
Anatomical
Adaptations for climates
51
Physiological
Move to keep surviving
52
Behavioural
Animals behave differently use to the season
53
Binomial system
Organisms are identified by two names
54
Generic name
The category the animal belongs to
55
Specific name
The species the animal belongs to
56
Bacteria
A group of single cell prokaryotes
57
Chitin
A fibrous substance consisting of polysaccharides.
58
Archea
A group of single celled prokaryotes, resemble bacteria
59
Ether
Archaea membrane is held together by these linkages between fatty acids and a glycerol
60
Eukarya
An group of organisms made up of 1+ eukaryotic cells
61
Ester
A bond between a fatty acid and a glycerol
62
Eukarya domain into kingdoms
Protoctista, fungi, plantae, animalia
63
Phyla
Largest groups within kingdoms
64
Classes
Kingdoms can be split into there's by specificity
65
Phylogeny
Evolutionary line of descent of group members
66
Artificial selection
Breeding of organisms by human selection in order to get certain characteristics.
67
Biodiversity
Variety of organisms in a particular area
68
Species diversity
Number of species and individuals of each species within a community
69
Community
All the living organisms present in an ecosystem at a given time
70
Genetic diversity
Variety of genes individuals have that make up a population of a species
71
Ecosystem diversity.
Range of different habitats
72
Species richness
A measurement of species diversity
73
Habitats
Where an organism can sustain life
74
Ecosystem
All the living and non-living components of a particular area
75
Biomass
Total mass of living material, normally measure in a specific area over a given period of time
76
Intercropping
The practise of growing 2+ in close proximity
77
Nitrogen fixing
The incorporation of atmospheric nitrogen gas into organic nitrogen-containing compounds
78
Enzymes
A protein which acts as a catalysts
79
Antibodies
A protein produced by lymphocytes in response to an antigen
80
Antigen
A molecule that triggers an immune response
81
Serum
Clear liquid left after a blood clot.
82
Interspecific variation
One species differs from another one.
83
Intraspecific variation
Same species differs from another
84
Sampling bias
Scientists pick things to get best results for hypothesis
85
Chance
Scientists reduce being biast
86
Random sampling
Collecting samples without human involvement.
87
Locus
Position of a gene on chromosome or DNA molecule.

Biology Keywords (4 decks)

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