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Biology Keywords > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Photomicrograph

A

A photo taken through a microscope to show a magnified photo of an item.

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2
Q

Eyepiece graticule

A

Glass disc fitted into the eyepiece.

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3
Q

Stage micrometer

A

Piece of equipment to calibrate the eye piece graticule

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4
Q

Ultrastructure

A

Fine structure and can only be seen by an electron microscope

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5
Q

Eukaryotic

A

A cell with membrane bound organelle.

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6
Q

Prokaryotic

A

A cell without a nucleus or membrane bound organelle.

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7
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Double lipid bolster which surrounds the nucleus

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8
Q

Nuclear pores

A

Allows the passage of large molecules out of the nucleus.

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9
Q

Nucleoplasm

A

Bulls up and protects the nucleus

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10
Q

Chromosomes

A

Thread like structure which carries genetic information

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11
Q

Nucleolus

A

Spherical structure in the cell during interphase

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12
Q

Double membrane

A

2 bio membrane layers which surround certain organelles or structures.

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13
Q

Cristae

A

Extensions of the inner membrane. Provide a larger Surface area

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14
Q

Matrix

A

Makes up rest of mitochondria. Contains proteins, lipids, ribosome and Dna

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15
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate. Produced during respiration.

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16
Q

Active transport

A

Movement from molecules from a low to high concentration. Requiring ATP

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17
Q

Chloroplast envelope

A

Membrane which surrounds organelle

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18
Q

Grana

A

Stacks of 100 disc like structure called thylakoids

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19
Q

Chlorophyll

A

Within thylakoids there are photosynthetic pigments.

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20
Q

Stroma

A

Second stage of photosynthesis occurs

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21
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum. (RER)

A

Ribsomes are presented on the membrane

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22
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

A

No ribosomes on surface

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23
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Appears in most eukaryotic cells

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24
Q

Cisternae

A

Makes up the Golgi, they are flattened sacs.

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25
Q

Phagocytic

A

Mechanism by which cells engulf particles to form a vesicles or a vacuole

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26
Q

Ribosome

A

Cytoplasmic granules found in all cells

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27
Q

80s

A

Eukaryotic cells

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28
Q

70s

A

Prokaryotic cells

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29
Q

Middle lamellae

A

Thin layers in the cell wall

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30
Q

Chitin

A

Makes up fungi cell walls

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31
Q

Genes

A

Section of DNA on a chromosome coding for one or more polypeptides

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32
Q

Epithelial tissues

A

In animals and consists of sheets of cells

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33
Q

Xylem

A

In plants and is used to transport water

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34
Q

Digestive system

A

Digest and process food

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35
Q

Respiratory system

A

Used for breathing and gas exchange

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36
Q

Circulatory system

A

Pumps and circulates blood

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37
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Large and have a nuclear membrane

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38
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

Small with no nucleus

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39
Q

Cell wall

A

A wall of protection. In bacteria consists of murein

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40
Q

Capsule

A

A way of protecting the bacteria further

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41
Q

Cell surface membrane

A

Inside the cell containing 70s ribosome

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42
Q

Circular strand of DNA

A

Genetic code of DNA is like this

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43
Q

Plasmids

A

Smaller, circular pieces of DNA

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44
Q

Nucleic acids

A

Genetic material which can replicate. (DNA or RNA)

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45
Q

Capsid

A

Protects nucleic acids

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46
Q

Attachment proteins

A

Allow the viruse to identify and attach to a host cell

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47
Q

Mitosis

A

Cell division which produces 2 daughter cells

48
Q

Meiosis

A

Cell division which creates 4 daughter cells

49
Q

Chromosome

A

Thread like structure made up of protein and DNA. Passes on to the next generation

50
Q

Mutation

A

A change in the amount/arrangement of nucleic bases

51
Q

Interphase

A

Period when the cell isn’t dividing

52
Q

Spindle fibres

A

Pulls chromosomes to the poles of the cell

53
Q

Spindle apparatus

A

When spindle fibres are grouped together

54
Q

Chromatin

A

Makes up chromosomes

55
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Cytoplasm divides

56
Q

Binary fission

A

Cell division in prokaryotic cells

57
Q

Haploid

A

Cells with a single strand copy of each chromosome

58
Q

Diploid

A

Nucleus contains 2 sets of chromosomes

59
Q

Cell cycle

A

Cell division that regularly separate by cell growth

60
Q

Nuclear division

A

Nucleus divides either into 2 or 4

61
Q

Plasma membranes

A

All membrane in/around the cell

62
Q

Protein channels

A

Channels/tubes which allow water-soluble ions to diffuse across the membrane

63
Q

Carrier proteins

A

Bind to ions/molecules. Changes shape to move the molecules across the membrane

64
Q

Lymphocytes

A

White blood cells responsible for the immune system

65
Q

Fluid mosaic model

A

The way the molecules are combined into the cell surface membrane

66
Q

Fluid

A

Membrane becomes flexible

67
Q

Mosaic

A

Proteins in the phospholipid bolster vary in shape, size and pattern

68
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Energy that an object poses due to its motion

69
Q

Co transport

A

Individually moving molecules using a concentration gradient. (Previously used by active transport)

70
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate. Found in all living organisms. Produced during respiration.

71
Q

Sodium potassium pump

A

A molecule moving into a cell while another molecule leaves the cell.

72
Q

Micro villi

A

Finger like projections on cell surface membrane. Allows for more diffusion.

73
Q

Carrier molecule

A

A protein on the cell surface which helps transport molecules across a plasma membrane

74
Q

Pathogen

A

Microorganism which causes a disease

75
Q

Immunity

A

Body cells kill pathogen before cells replicate

76
Q

Non-self

A

Foreign cells

77
Q

Self

A

Bodies own cells and molecules

78
Q

Phagocytes

A

Ingest and destroy pathogen

79
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Immune response

80
Q

Phagosome

A

Engulf pathogen to form a vesicle

81
Q

Lysozyme

A

Enzymes present in the lysosome

82
Q

Non-specific

A

Immune response. Occurs when an infection does

83
Q

Specific

A

A response to react to a specific antigen

84
Q

B cells

A

Antibodies present in blood plasma

85
Q

T cells

A

Immunity involving body cells

86
Q

Antigen presenting cells

A

Cells which display foreign antigen on their surface

87
Q

Cell mediated immunity

A

T cells react when an antigen are on a body cell

88
Q

Antibodies

A

Protein produced by lymphocytes in response to antigen

89
Q

Endocytosis

A

The inward transportation of large molecules into the cell surface membrane

90
Q

Clonal selection

A

B cells clone by mitosis. Which produce an antibody for the right antigen

91
Q

Monoclonal antibodies

A

Antibody produced by a single clone of cells

92
Q

Plasma cells

A

Secrete antibodies into blood plasma

93
Q

Primary immune response

A

Production of memory cells and antibodies

94
Q

Memory cells

A

Responsible for secondary immune response. Remembering the correct antibody for the antigen

95
Q

Mitosis

A

Cell divisor of body cells

96
Q

Heavy chains

A

Polypeptide chains which are long

97
Q

Antigen antibody complex

A

Antibody binds to specific antigen

98
Q

Variable region

A

Bonding site of every antibody is different

99
Q

Passive immunity

A

Produced by an introduction of antibodies from a different source

100
Q

Active immunity

A

Produced by a stimulation of antibodies by own immune system

101
Q

Natural active immunity

A

Result from individual being infected with disease naturally

102
Q

Artificial active immunity

A

Forms the basis of vaccination

103
Q

Vaccine

A

Contains antigen from a pathogen which are dead. Which trigger memory cells

104
Q

Herd immunity

A

Vaccinations vast majority of vulnerable people

105
Q

AIDS

A

HIV can develop into this

106
Q

Lipid envelope

A

Surrounds the cell

107
Q

attachment proteins

A

Allows attachment to other antibodies

108
Q

Capsid

A

Protects the RNA and enzymes

109
Q

RNA

A

Single strand of DNA

110
Q

Reverse transcriptase

A

Catalyses production of DNA into RNA

111
Q

Retro viruses

A

HIV belongs to this group of viruses

112
Q

Messenger RNA

A

A single strand of DNA which goes to the cytoplasm

113
Q

HIV positive

A

Infected with HIV

114
Q

Enzyme linked immunosabant assay. (ELISA)

A

Detects protein made by HIV

115
Q

Murein

A

Tough material. Hard to stretch. Found in most cell walls

116
Q

Electrons

A

Negatively charge subatomic particle. Orbits the nucleus.

Biology Keywords (4 decks)

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