Generalities Flashcards
Prokaryote ribosome
50s + 30s
Eukaryote ribosome
60s + 40s
Cell wall containing peptidoglycan
Prokaryotes
Rate of particles travel to the bottom of the tube under centrifugal force
Sedimentation rate
Unit of Sedimentation rate
Svedberg Unit
Only bacteria with sterol
Mycoplasma
Either DNA or RNA
Virus
70s subunit
Bacteria
80s subunit
Fungi and Protozoa/ Helminths
Present Mitochondria
Fungi and Protozoa/ Helminths
Absent Mitochondria
Viruses and Bacteria
Protein capsid with lipoprotein envelope
Virus
Rigidwall containing peptidoglycan
Bacteria
Rigid wall, CHITIN
Fungi
Flexible membrane
Protozoa/ Helminths
Binary Fission
Bacteria
Budding or mitosis
Fungi
Mitosis only
Protozoa/ Helminths
Mobile genetic elements/ “Jumping genes”
Transposons
Causes mutations in genes in which they insert or alter the expression of nearby genes
Transposons
2 methods of transpositions
Cut and Paste, Copy and Paste
Lacks Nucleic acids
Prions
Non cellular infectious proteins
Prions
Naked proteins, folded differently
Prions
Associated with spongiform encephalopathies
Prions
VACUOLATED NEURONS
Loss of Function
Lack of immune response and inflammation
Spongiform encephalopathies
Cannibalism
Kuru
Cortical -> Demenetia
CJD
Cerebellar -> Ataxia, cognition well preserved
Kuru
Sheeps and Goats
Scarpie
Cow
BSE
Mule, Deer, Elk
Chronic wasting disease
Autoclave stting
121 C
15 PSI
15 mins
Spirochetes
Leptospira
Triponema
Borreliella
All bacteria has peptidoglycan except
Mycoplasma
Sugar backbone with peptide side chains
Peptidoglycan
Crosslinks peptidoglycans
Transpeptidase
Facilitates passage of small hyrophilic molecules in the cell
Porins
Kills bacteria by cleavinf B1 -> Glycosididc bond bet NAG and NAM
Lysozymes
Teichoic Acid
Gram Positive
Endotoxin/ LPS
Gram Negative
Thicker/ Multi layered peptidoglycan
Gram Positive
Lipopolysaccharide
Gram Negative
Periplasmic space
Gram Negative
Induces IL 1 & TNF
Lipid A and O antigen
Only gram positive with Endotoxin
Listeria Monocytogenes
Primary Stain
Crystal Violet
Mordant
Iodine
Decolorizing Agent
Acetone
Counterstain
Safranin
Oldest acid fast staining, requires HEATING
Zhiel Neelsen
Acid Fast Stain
Mycobacteriae
Dark Field Microscopy
Spirochetes
Serology only
Mycoplasma
Silver Stain
Legionella
Chlamydiae
Giemsa Stain -> Inclusion Bodies
Rickettsiae
Giemsa/ Tissue Stains
Cell wall inhibitor
Piperacillin
Component of gram negative cell wall reduces susceptibility to lysozymes
Outer membrane
Invagination of Plasma membrane, Participates in cell division and secretion
Mesosome
Contains hydrophilic enzymes including B lactamases
Periplasm
Protects against phagocytosis, Polysaccharide
Capsule
Attachment, conjugation, Glycoprotein
Pilus or Fimbria
Adherence to surfaces, Glycocalyx
Glycocalyx
Motility, Protein
Flagellum
Resistance to heat and chemicals, Keratinlike coat, Dipicolinic acid
Spore
Genes for antibiotic resistance and Toxins, DNA
Plasmid
Site of nutrients in cytoplasm
Granule
Non polysaccharide bacterial capsule
Bacillus anthracis - Polypeptide of D Glutamate
Formed by gram positive rods
Spores - Bacillus and clostridium spp
Extrachromosomal, double stranded circular DNA capable of replicating INDEPENDENTLY of the bacterial chromosome
Plasmids
Toxic proteins produce by certain bacteria that are lethal for other bacteria
Bacteriocins
Zero Growth Rate - Nutrients incorporated
Adaptation, Depleted Metabolites
Lag Phase
B lactam antibiotics acts during this phase
Log/ Exponential Phase
Rapid cell division
Log or Exponential Phase
Constant Growth Rate
Log or Exponential
Exhaustion of Nutrients -> Zero growth rate
Stationary Phase
Formation of Spores
Stationary Phase
Most cells die because nutrients are exhausted
Decline/ Death Phase
Negative Growth Rate
Decline/ Death Phase
Completely dependent on O2
Obligate Aerobes
use FERMENTATION, but can TOLERATE low amounts of O2 because they have SOD
Microaerophiles
Utilize O2 if present but can use fermentation in its absence
Facultative Anaerobes
Exclusively anaerobic but insensitive to the presence of O2
Aerotolerant Anaerobes
Cannot grow in presence of O2
Obligate Anaerobes
Can grow in both Aerobic and Anaerobic env
Facultative, Aerotolerant
Can only grow in aerobic
Obligate aerobic, microaerophilic
Can only grow in anaerobic
Obligate anerobic
DNA transfer one bac to another
Conjugation
DNA transfer by a virus from one cell to another
Transduction
Purified DNA Taken up by Cell
Transformation
Lysogenized strains
shigA Boutlinium Cholera Diptheria Erythrogenic Strain of Strep Pyogenes
Normal Flora: Skin
Staph. epidermidis
Normal Flora:Nose
Staph Aureus
Normal Flora: Mouth
Strep Viridans
Dental Plaque
Strep Mutans -> carries
Normal Flora:Colon
Bacterioides, E. coli
Normal Flora: Vagin
Lactobacillus vaginalis
E. coli
Streptococcus agalactiae
Mech of bacterial disease
Toxins
Inflammation
Modes of Transmission
Pili
Glycocalyx
Mediates attachment of bacteria
Pili -> Neisseria
Mediates strong adherance
Glycocalyx -> biofilms -> endocarditis
Mediate binding to endothelium and to extracellular proteins such as fibronectin
Culri
Enzyme: Spread through subcutaneous tissue
Collagenase, Hyaluronidase (Spreading factor)
Enzyme: Accelerates formation of fibrin clots coating the org with fibrin
Coagulase
Enzyme: Adherence to MUCOUS MEMBRANE protease
IgA protease
Enzyme: destroys neutrophilic leukocytes and macrophages
Leukocidin
Anticapsular antibodies allow more effective phagocytosis to occur
Opsonization
ANTIPHAGOCYTIC protein of S pyogenes
M Protein
Prevents complement activation by S. aureus
Protein A
Exotoxin composition
Polypeptide
Location of genes of Exotoxin
Plasmid and Bacteriophages
Vaccines used by Exotoxin
Toxoids
More heat stable
Endotoxin - stable at 100 C, (Exotoxin that is heat labile is stap enterotoxin)
Exotoxin dse
Tetanus, Boulism
Endotoxin disease
Meningococcemia
Secreted by bacteria -> dse
Exotoxin
Exotoxin: Active Subunit
A subunit
Exotoxin: Binding Subunit
B subunit
Lecithinase Exotoxin
Clostridum perfringens Alpha toxin
Superantigen Exotoxin
Any toxin from Strep or Staph
Protease Exotoxin
BATS Botulinium Anthrax Tetanus Scalded Skin Syndrome
Most Toxic component of LPS
Lipid A
Lipid A MOA
Cytokines
Complement
Coagulation
All bacteria have cell walls composed of peptidoglycans except:
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
All gram positive bacteria have no endotoxin except
Listeria monocytogenes
All bacterial capsules are composed of polysaccharide except
Bacillus anthracis
All exotoxins are heat labile except
Staphylococcal enterotoxin
Colony, morphology
Microbial identification
Ig
Serodiagnosis
Antimicrobial agents
Anti microbial susceptibility
Egg Yolk Agar
Clostridium Perfringens
Corynebacterium diptheriae
Tellurite
Group D strep
Bile esculin
Staphylococci
Manitol Salts
N. Meningitides
N. gonorrhea from (STERILE SITES)
Chocolate Agar
N. gonorrhea (NON STERILE)
Thayer Martin VCN
VCN
Vancomycin
Colistin
Nystatin
Haemophilus
Chocolate + Factors X and V
Lowensein Jensen
Mycobacterium TB
TCBS
Vibrio Cholerae
Bordet - gengou
Bordatella
Charcoal Yeast
Legionella
Skirrows
Campylobacter, Helicobacter
Barbour - Stoenner - Kelly
Borrelia burgdorferi
Eaton
Mycoplasma
Cetrimide
Pseudomonas
XLD
Salmonella, Shigella
Ellinghausen - McColloyugh - Johnson Harris (EMJH)/ Fletcher
Leptospira
Hydrolysis, Mutant PBP
B Lactams
Active efflux from cell
Tetracycline
Inactivation of enzymes
Aminoglycosides
Overproduction of Target
Sulfonamide
Mutant DNA Gyrase
Fluroquinolones
Reduced Reuptake in the cell
Chlormaphenicol
Reprogramming D Ala D Ala
Vancomycin
Ribosomal methylation
Quinupristin/dalfopristin
RNA Methylation, Drug Efflux
Macrolides
Broadest antibacterial spectrum among pemicillins
Piperarcilin
Antipseudomonal
Atzreonam