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Generalities Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Prokaryote ribosome

A

50s + 30s

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2
Q

Eukaryote ribosome

A

60s + 40s

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3
Q

Cell wall containing peptidoglycan

A

Prokaryotes

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4
Q

Rate of particles travel to the bottom of the tube under centrifugal force

A

Sedimentation rate

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5
Q

Unit of Sedimentation rate

A

Svedberg Unit

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6
Q

Only bacteria with sterol

A

Mycoplasma

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7
Q

Either DNA or RNA

A

Virus

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8
Q

70s subunit

A

Bacteria

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9
Q

80s subunit

A

Fungi and Protozoa/ Helminths

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10
Q

Present Mitochondria

A

Fungi and Protozoa/ Helminths

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11
Q

Absent Mitochondria

A

Viruses and Bacteria

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12
Q

Protein capsid with lipoprotein envelope

A

Virus

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13
Q

Rigidwall containing peptidoglycan

A

Bacteria

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14
Q

Rigid wall, CHITIN

A

Fungi

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15
Q

Flexible membrane

A

Protozoa/ Helminths

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16
Q

Binary Fission

A

Bacteria

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17
Q

Budding or mitosis

A

Fungi

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18
Q

Mitosis only

A

Protozoa/ Helminths

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19
Q

Mobile genetic elements/ “Jumping genes”

A

Transposons

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20
Q

Causes mutations in genes in which they insert or alter the expression of nearby genes

A

Transposons

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21
Q

2 methods of transpositions

A

Cut and Paste, Copy and Paste

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22
Q

Lacks Nucleic acids

A

Prions

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23
Q

Non cellular infectious proteins

A

Prions

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24
Q

Naked proteins, folded differently

A

Prions

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25
Q

Associated with spongiform encephalopathies

A

Prions

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26
Q

VACUOLATED NEURONS
Loss of Function
Lack of immune response and inflammation

A

Spongiform encephalopathies

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27
Q

Cannibalism

A

Kuru

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28
Q

Cortical -> Demenetia

A

CJD

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29
Q

Cerebellar -> Ataxia, cognition well preserved

A

Kuru

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30
Q

Sheeps and Goats

A

Scarpie

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31
Q

Cow

A

BSE

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32
Q

Mule, Deer, Elk

A

Chronic wasting disease

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33
Q

Autoclave stting

A

121 C
15 PSI
15 mins

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34
Q

Spirochetes

A

Leptospira
Triponema
Borreliella

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35
Q

All bacteria has peptidoglycan except

A

Mycoplasma

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36
Q

Sugar backbone with peptide side chains

A

Peptidoglycan

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37
Q

Crosslinks peptidoglycans

A

Transpeptidase

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38
Q

Facilitates passage of small hyrophilic molecules in the cell

A

Porins

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39
Q

Kills bacteria by cleavinf B1 -> Glycosididc bond bet NAG and NAM

A

Lysozymes

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40
Q

Teichoic Acid

A

Gram Positive

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41
Q

Endotoxin/ LPS

A

Gram Negative

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42
Q

Thicker/ Multi layered peptidoglycan

A

Gram Positive

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43
Q

Lipopolysaccharide

A

Gram Negative

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44
Q

Periplasmic space

A

Gram Negative

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45
Q

Induces IL 1 & TNF

A

Lipid A and O antigen

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46
Q

Only gram positive with Endotoxin

A

Listeria Monocytogenes

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47
Q

Primary Stain

A

Crystal Violet

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48
Q

Mordant

A

Iodine

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49
Q

Decolorizing Agent

A

Acetone

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50
Q

Counterstain

A

Safranin

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51
Q

Oldest acid fast staining, requires HEATING

A

Zhiel Neelsen

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52
Q

Acid Fast Stain

A

Mycobacteriae

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53
Q

Dark Field Microscopy

A

Spirochetes

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54
Q

Serology only

A

Mycoplasma

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55
Q

Silver Stain

A

Legionella

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56
Q

Chlamydiae

A

Giemsa Stain -> Inclusion Bodies

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57
Q

Rickettsiae

A

Giemsa/ Tissue Stains

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58
Q

Cell wall inhibitor

A

Piperacillin

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59
Q

Component of gram negative cell wall reduces susceptibility to lysozymes

A

Outer membrane

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60
Q

Invagination of Plasma membrane, Participates in cell division and secretion

A

Mesosome

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61
Q

Contains hydrophilic enzymes including B lactamases

A

Periplasm

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62
Q

Protects against phagocytosis, Polysaccharide

A

Capsule

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63
Q

Attachment, conjugation, Glycoprotein

A

Pilus or Fimbria

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64
Q

Adherence to surfaces, Glycocalyx

A

Glycocalyx

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65
Q

Motility, Protein

A

Flagellum

66
Q

Resistance to heat and chemicals, Keratinlike coat, Dipicolinic acid

A

Spore

67
Q

Genes for antibiotic resistance and Toxins, DNA

A

Plasmid

68
Q

Site of nutrients in cytoplasm

A

Granule

69
Q

Non polysaccharide bacterial capsule

A

Bacillus anthracis - Polypeptide of D Glutamate

70
Q

Formed by gram positive rods

A

Spores - Bacillus and clostridium spp

71
Q

Extrachromosomal, double stranded circular DNA capable of replicating INDEPENDENTLY of the bacterial chromosome

A

Plasmids

72
Q

Toxic proteins produce by certain bacteria that are lethal for other bacteria

A

Bacteriocins

73
Q

Zero Growth Rate - Nutrients incorporated

Adaptation, Depleted Metabolites

A

Lag Phase

74
Q

B lactam antibiotics acts during this phase

A

Log/ Exponential Phase

75
Q

Rapid cell division

A

Log or Exponential Phase

76
Q

Constant Growth Rate

A

Log or Exponential

77
Q

Exhaustion of Nutrients -> Zero growth rate

A

Stationary Phase

78
Q

Formation of Spores

A

Stationary Phase

79
Q

Most cells die because nutrients are exhausted

A

Decline/ Death Phase

80
Q

Negative Growth Rate

A

Decline/ Death Phase

81
Q

Completely dependent on O2

A

Obligate Aerobes

82
Q

use FERMENTATION, but can TOLERATE low amounts of O2 because they have SOD

A

Microaerophiles

83
Q

Utilize O2 if present but can use fermentation in its absence

A

Facultative Anaerobes

84
Q

Exclusively anaerobic but insensitive to the presence of O2

A

Aerotolerant Anaerobes

85
Q

Cannot grow in presence of O2

A

Obligate Anaerobes

86
Q

Can grow in both Aerobic and Anaerobic env

A

Facultative, Aerotolerant

87
Q

Can only grow in aerobic

A

Obligate aerobic, microaerophilic

88
Q

Can only grow in anaerobic

A

Obligate anerobic

89
Q

DNA transfer one bac to another

A

Conjugation

90
Q

DNA transfer by a virus from one cell to another

A

Transduction

91
Q

Purified DNA Taken up by Cell

A

Transformation

92
Q

Lysogenized strains

A 
shigA
Boutlinium
Cholera
Diptheria
Erythrogenic Strain of Strep Pyogenes
93
Q

Normal Flora: Skin

A

Staph. epidermidis

94
Q

Normal Flora:Nose

A

Staph Aureus

95
Q

Normal Flora: Mouth

A

Strep Viridans

96
Q

Dental Plaque

A

Strep Mutans -> carries

97
Q

Normal Flora:Colon

A

Bacterioides, E. coli

98
Q

Normal Flora: Vagin

A

Lactobacillus vaginalis
E. coli
Streptococcus agalactiae

99
Q

Mech of bacterial disease

A

Toxins

Inflammation

100
Q

Modes of Transmission

A

Pili

Glycocalyx

101
Q

Mediates attachment of bacteria

A

Pili -> Neisseria

102
Q

Mediates strong adherance

A

Glycocalyx -> biofilms -> endocarditis

103
Q

Mediate binding to endothelium and to extracellular proteins such as fibronectin

A

Culri

104
Q

Enzyme: Spread through subcutaneous tissue

A

Collagenase, Hyaluronidase (Spreading factor)

105
Q

Enzyme: Accelerates formation of fibrin clots coating the org with fibrin

A

Coagulase

106
Q

Enzyme: Adherence to MUCOUS MEMBRANE protease

A

IgA protease

107
Q

Enzyme: destroys neutrophilic leukocytes and macrophages

A

Leukocidin

108
Q

Anticapsular antibodies allow more effective phagocytosis to occur

A

Opsonization

109
Q

ANTIPHAGOCYTIC protein of S pyogenes

A

M Protein

110
Q

Prevents complement activation by S. aureus

A

Protein A

111
Q

Exotoxin composition

A

Polypeptide

112
Q

Location of genes of Exotoxin

A

Plasmid and Bacteriophages

113
Q

Vaccines used by Exotoxin

A

Toxoids

114
Q

More heat stable

A

Endotoxin - stable at 100 C, (Exotoxin that is heat labile is stap enterotoxin)

115
Q

Exotoxin dse

A

Tetanus, Boulism

116
Q

Endotoxin disease

A

Meningococcemia

117
Q

Secreted by bacteria -> dse

A

Exotoxin

118
Q

Exotoxin: Active Subunit

A

A subunit

119
Q

Exotoxin: Binding Subunit

A

B subunit

120
Q

Lecithinase Exotoxin

A

Clostridum perfringens Alpha toxin

121
Q

Superantigen Exotoxin

A

Any toxin from Strep or Staph

122
Q

Protease Exotoxin

A 
BATS
Botulinium
Anthrax
Tetanus
Scalded Skin Syndrome
123
Q

Most Toxic component of LPS

A

Lipid A

124
Q

Lipid A MOA

A

Cytokines
Complement
Coagulation

125
Q

All bacteria have cell walls composed of peptidoglycans except:

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

126
Q

All gram positive bacteria have no endotoxin except

A

Listeria monocytogenes

127
Q

All bacterial capsules are composed of polysaccharide except

A

Bacillus anthracis

128
Q

All exotoxins are heat labile except

A

Staphylococcal enterotoxin

129
Q

Colony, morphology

A

Microbial identification

130
Q

Ig

A

Serodiagnosis

131
Q

Antimicrobial agents

A

Anti microbial susceptibility

132
Q

Egg Yolk Agar

A

Clostridium Perfringens

133
Q

Corynebacterium diptheriae

A

Tellurite

134
Q

Group D strep

A

Bile esculin

135
Q

Staphylococci

A

Manitol Salts

136
Q

N. Meningitides

N. gonorrhea from (STERILE SITES)

A

Chocolate Agar

137
Q

N. gonorrhea (NON STERILE)

A

Thayer Martin VCN

138
Q

VCN

A

Vancomycin
Colistin
Nystatin

139
Q

Haemophilus

A

Chocolate + Factors X and V

140
Q

Lowensein Jensen

A

Mycobacterium TB

141
Q

TCBS

A

Vibrio Cholerae

142
Q

Bordet - gengou

A

Bordatella

143
Q

Charcoal Yeast

A

Legionella

144
Q

Skirrows

A

Campylobacter, Helicobacter

145
Q

Barbour - Stoenner - Kelly

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

146
Q

Eaton

A

Mycoplasma

147
Q

Cetrimide

A

Pseudomonas

148
Q

XLD

A

Salmonella, Shigella

149
Q

Ellinghausen - McColloyugh - Johnson Harris (EMJH)/ Fletcher

A

Leptospira

150
Q

Hydrolysis, Mutant PBP

A

B Lactams

151
Q

Active efflux from cell

A

Tetracycline

152
Q

Inactivation of enzymes

A

Aminoglycosides

153
Q

Overproduction of Target

A

Sulfonamide

154
Q

Mutant DNA Gyrase

A

Fluroquinolones

155
Q

Reduced Reuptake in the cell

A

Chlormaphenicol

156
Q

Reprogramming D Ala D Ala

A

Vancomycin

157
Q

Ribosomal methylation

A

Quinupristin/dalfopristin

158
Q

RNA Methylation, Drug Efflux

A

Macrolides

159
Q

Broadest antibacterial spectrum among pemicillins

A

Piperarcilin

160
Q

Antipseudomonal

A

Atzreonam

Microbiology (7 decks)

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