General terminology Flashcards
Anatomical position
Standing upright, head facing front, arms at side with palms forward
Sagittal plane/Median plane (midsagittal)
separates left and right sides of the body
Coronal plane/Frontal plane
Separates the body into forward half and the back half
Transverse (horizontal)
perpendicular to both of these planes and the plane which divides the body into an upper and a lower half. Positions above the transverse plane are called superior, and positions below the transverse plane are called inferior
Superior ________
Inferior__________
Cephalad
Caudad
Rostral
Towards the nose
Caudal
Towards the tail
Adduction
Movement towards midline of the body (add towards the side of the body)
Abduction
Movement of a joint away from midline of the body
Extension
Increasing angle between two joints. Extending limb
Flexion
bending decreasing angle. Fetal position
Circumduction= circle
Angular (circular movement hip, shoulder, thumb, fingers, wrist, ankle, toes, head) body movement combining flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction)
Rotation
- Medial - internal; pronation
2. Lateral - external; supination
Protraction (commonly two parts of the body scapula and mandible)
Shoulder blades away from spine (protruding or sticking out)
Punch to protract
Retraction (movement of scapula/shoulders and mandible)
shoulders movement towards the back “Bring together”
When you reach back you retract
Appendages of skin
hair and sweat glands
Outer layer
Epidermis
Middle layer
Dermis
Fatty deep layer
Hypodermis
Deep muscle layer
Fascia
Number of individual muscles in the body
> 500
Governs movement and may measure 40% of the body’s mass in normal healthy individuals. Connect to your bones and allow to perform wide range of movements and functions
Skeletal/striated muscle
found in bronchioles and bronchi, and gastrointestinal tract. Innervated by the autonomic nervous system (parasympathetic and sympathetic).
Smooth muscle
Unique muscle only found in the heart. The muscle fibers show cross striations similar to skeletal muscle, but fibers may join end on end to each other showing intercalated disks as well muscle branches joining other muscle fibers.
Cardiac muscles
What are the three types of muscles
skeletal/striated , smooth, and cardiac muscles
How many bones in the body
206
Axial bones that forms the truck
Vertebral column, ribs, and sternum
26 vertebrae, 24 ribs, and the sternum
How many vertebral column
26
How many ribs
24
True ribs
Seven first pairs attached directly to the sternum (true ribs)
False ribs
3 Pairs (8th, 9th, 10th) not join the sternum directly but connected to the 7th rib by cartilage (False ribs)
Floating ribs
2 pairs (11th and 12th) Are half of the size of the others and do not reach to the front of the body (floating ribs)
Appendicular skeleton
- Pectoral girdle
- Pelvic girdle
- The Upper limbs or forearm
- The lower limbs or hindlimb
Pectoral girdle
Also known as shoulder girdle. Connects upper limbs to the axial skeleton and consists of clavicula and scapula
Pelvic girdle
Point of attachment of the lower limbs to the axial skeleton. It comprises two coxal bones or hip bones
Upper limbs of forearm or antebrachium
Total of 60 bones (30 on each side). Each limb humerus, radius, ulna, carpals =8 or wrist bones, metacarpals=5 or palm bones and phalanges or digits =14
The Lower limbs or hind arm
Total 60 bones (30 each side). Each side consist of femur longest bone , tibia second larger and stronger bone, fibula is lateral , patella, tarsals=7, metatarsals=5, and phalanges=14.
Fat
Much of the body’s fat is superficial and thus subcutaneous
Tela Subcutanea
A loose fibrous/fatty envelope beneath the skin, containing the cutaneous vessels and nerves forms part of the Tela subcutanea. Also called hypodermis, subcutis, superficial fascia that combines with deep fascia to form the Tela subcutanea
Paniculus adiposus
prominent, well-developed fatty layer of the subcutaneous tissues (superficial fascia). Deep fascia surrounds muscles and may act as connective tissue muscle “separators.” Note the medial intermuscular septum of the arm, which helps to divide the extensor compartment of the arm from the posterior compartment. It also serves as a “pathway” for conducting the brachial artery and veins and 2 nerves down the arm to the forearm.
