general & special management practices Flashcards
1
Q
the first milk secreted by mammary gland
it consists of antibodies and vitamins A
A
colostrum
2
Q
how to assist a newborn after birth?
A
- wipe dry
- massage gently the rib cage
- cut umbilical cord
- ensure sucking of colostrum
3
Q
TRUE OR FALSE
teeth clipping and tail docking should be done after birth
A
true
4
Q
clip the teeth at ______ using _________
A
gum level
tooth clipper/ dedicated nail cutters
5
Q
cut the tail using?
A
clean nail cutters
6
Q
it is the process of cutting the tail of sheep
A
docking
7
Q
it is the caring for the newly hatched chicks by supplying heat and providing protective confinement
A
brooding
8
Q
what is the ideal brooder temp. for piglets?
A
from 30 degrees to 32 degrees
9
Q
how many watt of bulb can be used as heaters?
A
two 75watt
three 50 watt
10
Q
process of separating the dam from their young?
in dairy animals, how many days before they separate ?
A
weaning
3 days
11
Q
in cattle and buffalo, how many months before weaning?
A
6 months
11
Q
practice of weaning animals earlier than the usual weaning age
A
early weaning
12
Q
in sheep and goat, how many months before weaning?
A
3 months
13
Q
in swine, how many days before weaning?
A
30 days
14
Q
process of placing of numbers to animals to recognize individuals to denote ownership
A
animal identification
15
Q
it is the basis of any complete record keeping and animal breeding
A
proper ID
16
Q
give some common identification for animals
A
- branding (permanent)
- ear notching (permanent)
- ear tag (permanent)
- tattoo (permanent)
- photographs (temporary)
- neck chain (temporary)
17
Q
it is for cattle, formed by making a strip incision through the nose
A
buds
18
Q
it is made by cutting down a strip of the skin on the jaw bone
A
wattles
19
Q
Importance of Record keeping effective improvement for the selection of herd/flock
A
• Improvement of breeding
• History of having diseases want to eliminate
• Select to be maintained as breeders
• Some will perform better than others
20
Q
It is removal or permanent alteration of the testicles of male animals
A
Castration- mammals
Caponization- poultry
21
Q
Castration of cattle should be done in _________
A
2 months
22
Q
Castration of swine should be done in ________
A
One week
23
Q
Advantages of castration and caponization
A
- Prevent unnecessary breeding/mating
- Easy handling (more tractable)
- Meat Quality
24
Disadvantages of Castration and Caponization
Less heavy and less muscular, tend to decrease rate of liveweight gain by 15-10%.
25
Common methods of castration and caponization
1. Use of burdizzo pincher
2. Surgical (incision method) (single slit, double slit)
a. Close Type
b. Open Type
3. Use of Elastrador Band
- not recommended
26
Recommended time in performing castration to the following:
a. Calves
b. Lambs
c. Pigs
a. 2 months
b. 1 week (7 days)
c. 1 week
27
Capons are usually grown for __________and market at ______dressed
17-20 weeks
3.6-4.5 kg
28
Caponization of poultry is usually done at __________ age
2 weeks
29
Is made on one side of the bird and both testes are removed
Single slit-incision
30
Removal of horns in cattle, goat, and sheep
Dehorning
31
Advantages of Dehorning
1. Requires space in feedlots, transit/shipment
2. More uniform in appearance
3. Prevent injuries to other animals, human handlers
4. Facilitates handling and management
32
Reasons for Dehorning
•Prevent financial losses
•Decrease risk of death, illness
•Decrease the risk of injury and bruising to herd mates
•Gain a price advantage by offering hornless cattle at auction
•Require less space at the feed bunk and in transit
33
Methods of Dehorning
1. Debudding/disbudding
2. Dehorning Iron
3. Surgical
4. Genetics/breeding (polled cattle)
5. Dehorning spoon and Dehorning Tube
34
Chemical (uses of caustic soda, commercial dehorning paste) hot iron cautery (fire iron, electrically heated iron)
Debudding/disbudding
35
For horns not more than 1.5-2.0cm long
Dehorning Iron
36
4 months and older
Surgical
37
Dehorn animals within two months from birth
Dehorning Spoon and Dehorning Tube
38
It is the cutting to reduce excessive growth of hooves in sheep to and goat prevent malformation of toes and prevent foot not caused by combination of bacteria, manure, or dirt that have accumulated inside the untrimmed hoof
Hoof trimming
39
Hoof trimming in ruminants is done every ___________ to prevent lameness and injury to the animal
Two months
40
Infectious
Two bacteria
Contagious
Foul odor
Foot rot (in hoof)
41
Environmental
One bacteria
Not contagious
Foot scald (between toes)
42
Is done whenever the hair are long enough for harvest
Shearing
43
Is harvested of wool for commercial purposes
Sheep
44
Is clothing material and commercial good
Wool
45
At birth, piglets have 50 mg of iron reserves in the body
Iron supplementation
46
The piglets required _________ of iron a day during first week and about __________ at three weeks
7mg
10mg
47
From the sow's milk, the piglet gets only _________ of iron
1-2mg
48
needed per day
Fe from milk
Shortage mg needed
7mg
1-2mg
150-180mg
49
can be supplied by injecting 1 of iron dextran containing ______
200mg
50
Can be supplied by injecting 2 of iron dextran containing ______
100mg
51
Age determination:
•all incisors erupted
•two permanent center incisors
•four permanent incisors
•six permanent incisors
•all eight permanent incisors
•the incisors and other teeth show wearing indentations
• 8-10 months old
•1-1 and 1/2 years old
•2-21/2 years old
•3-31/2 years old
•4 years old
•older
52
Know where to tap a hog to direct it's motion
Herdsmanship
53
Tap him with your hand on top of it's back. Just Infront of it's tail. Use a firm tap but don't hit the pig - a "love tap"
Moving the hog forward
54
Tap should be placed just behind the hog's ear
To turn the hog direction
55
Tap the hog's left ear
To turn right
56
True or false
1.Hollering is very useful
2. Hogs don't like it when humans holler
1. True
2. True
57
Habits and behavioral Problems
Cannibalism
58
Bad habit developed by some growing chickens more commonly observes in hens and highly producing birds, similar to feeding behavior by pecking different parts of the body ( toe feather, cloaca, head wing etc.)
Cannibalism
59
Possible causes of cannibalism
1. Imbalance rations
2. Overcrowding and insufficient feeding and drinking spaces
3. Extended periods without feed and/or water
4. Poor ventilation
5. Excessive heat and too much light in the grow house
6. Prompted by the presence of injuries or blood in other birds
60
Prevention of Cannibalism
1. Correction of possible causes
2. Debeaking or beak trimming
3. Maintaining light at low intensity
4. Dubbing
5. Toe Clipping
61
Reduction or cutting of the beak in young ( usually within 9 days of ages)
Debeaking or beak trimming
62
Procedure of Debeaking or beak trimming
•The upper beak is accurately cut from. 1/3 to 1/2 of it's length starting from the tip
•The tip of the lower beak may also be trimmed, but it should be slightly longer than upper beak
•Reducing feed waste
63
Cutting off the comb at day one in pullets to be placed in cages as large combs can become entangled in cage wires causing injuries which may prompt birds to cannibalism
Also common practice in fighting cocks done usually at about 7 months of age
Dubbing
64
The comb serves two primary purposes include:
1. Thermostasis
2. Indicator of Health
65
Is the ability of a living organism to maintain the same temperature, regardless of changes in the environment. Birds with combs can route blood flow through the comb, allowing heat to dissipate more quickly
Thermostasis
66
Will have a bright, pliable and shapely comb.
May show dirty, flaccid or otherwise unsatisfactory comb
Healthy bird
Sick bird
67
The procedure to remove a wattle is called __________
Dewattling
68
Trimming of the end of the toe usually also at day 1 for layer pullets intended to be wire caged
Toe Clipping
69
Formed by cutting down a strip skin on the brisket
Dewlaps
70
swine early weaning
swine late weaning
21
42
71
Behavioral problem observed in swine by biting ears or tails resulting to wounding or injuries.
Tail or Ear biting
72
they are known to chew and destroy wooden fences, associated to their feeding habits.
goats
73
a common problem in herd animals demonstrated usually by cows and ewes after experiencing dystocia and
parturition problems.
Newborn Rejection
74
after partition common problem in herd animals may experience
dystocia
75
the process of losing/dropping of the feathers, after the bird has been in
production
Molting
76
POOR producers usually molt early in season and slowly, may take as many
as _________ to complete the molt.
20 weeks
77
HIGH producers on the other hand, molt late and complete their molt rapidly _______ Also high egg producers drop more wing
feathers at the time.
6- 8 weeks
78
Molting occurs in a definite order:
1. Head
2. Neck
3. Breast
4. Back
5. Fluff
6. Abdomen
7. Wing
8. Tail
79
Wing feathers are molted from
axial (close to the body) to outside (wing
tip)
80
its the loss of yellow pigmentation (xanthophyll pigments) in yellow-skinned chickens as more eggs are laid.
May serve as an indicator of the number of eggs laid and
the pattern of the hens’
Bleaching
81
Bleaching occurs in a definite order as laying progresses.
Eye-ring ( 1 –2 eggs)
Earlobes ( 9-10 eggs)
Beak, from base to tip (11-35 eggs)
Bottoms of the feet 66 eggs
Front of the shanks ( 95 eggs)
Rear of the shanks ( 159 eggs)
82
other term for yellow pigmentation
xanthophyll pigments
83
it affect the production
performance and health of farm animals.
Temperature (Heat and Cold Stress)
84
they must maintain a relatively constant body temperature through balance heat production and heat loss.
homeotherms
84
they can sweat, pant, increaseblood flow to body surface and can wallow in pools to dissipate
heat whenever the weather is _______
hot
85
they can increase basal metabolic rate and chill to increase heat production in the body if the weather is ___________
cold
85
animals can increase ______ whenever its cold
increase basal metabolic rate
85
give some management for heat stress
- Use of cooling systems
- Modification of feed and water supply
- Housing design and material (dapat may good ventilation)
- painting the roof using white paint
86
give some management for cold stress
- provide high energy content
of the feed
- Reduce heat loss (design insulated shelter for animals)
- use of insulators
87
it is one of the environment factors which greatly affect the production
Temperature
88
give some Hazards in Animal Housing
- Air Pollutants ( dust, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide)
- odors
- Mechanical Hazards
- Electrical Hazards
- Noise
- Fire
- Children in Buildings
89
give some Environmental Management
Thermal environment & ventilation
Air quality
Noise
Lighting
Manure
90
it's in the form of hanging chains or
hoses or material manipulate on the floor often.
Enrichment
91
it is a modification of the environment that improves the animal’s biological functioning and, hence, its physical, psychological,
or social well-being
Environmental enrichment
91
Dust found in animal housing is primarily composed of:
Feed components
Dry fecal material
Dander (hair and skin cells)
Molds
Pollen
Grains
Insect parts
92
Proper waste management and ventilation. also, workers are required to wear appropriate personal protective equipment to control _____
dust conrtol
93
in the oil-water mixture - should be 20%
Oil concentration
94
vegetable oil (VO) with strong odor are _____
not suitable
95
Things to considered when choosing a vegetable oil (VO)
- Use VO with low iodine value
- Dust binding effect of oil remains for many days
96
it is produced by bacterial action on
urine and feces during decomposition and Comes off of the floors and from the manure pits
ammonia (NH3)
97
give some ways to control Ammonia
Frequent removal of waste
Management of indoor moisture
enough ventilation
98
Workers should wear a self contained respirator if
exposure to ______ is expected
Hydrogen Sulfide ( HS )
99
it is a natural product of manure decomposition and it is Nontoxic
Methane ( CH4 )
100
it is Produced by manure decomposition and animal
respiration and also nontoxic gas
Carbon Dioxide ( CO2 )
101
what does OSHA mean
(Occupational Safety and Health Administration)
102
it is a Product of the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons and its colorless, odorless, and has nearly the same density
as air
Carbon Monoxide ( CO )
103
Unpleasant smell have long been associated with domestic
animal production
odors
104
give some Mechanical Hazards
Fans
Winches
Augers
Steel Cables
Housing Floors
105
give some electrical hazards
- faulty electrical wiring
106
give Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Head Protection
Eye Safety
Respiratory Protection
Hearing Protection
Hand Protection
Body Coverings
107
It is favorable to animals which are most comfortable and they can perform maximally
Comfort zone or thermoneutral zone
108
It is critical temperature where anjmals perform inefficiently
Temperature beyond or outside comfort zone
109
Particularly important in tropical countries which the productivity to be marked lower
Heat stress
110
Scoops the horn producing skin surrounding the horn base
Barnes type dehorner
111
Remove the horn bud plus the horn producing skin
Dehorning spoon
112
Destroy the horn producing skin the base level of the horn bud
Electric hot iron dehorner
113
When do we do dubbing?
7 months
