BASIC ASPECTS OF FEEDS Flashcards
They grow faster, more efficient in feed utilization, more resistant to diseases
well-nourished animal
It is rationing feeds short of the proper volume
Underfeeding
It is giving more feed beyond the standard level both in volume and in nutritional requirement
Overfeeding
It is feeding enough feedstuff with unbalanced nutritional level, which usually results to nutritional deficiency
Unbalanced feeding
it is a chemical substance found in feed materials that can be used and necessary for the maintenance production
nutrients
young animals and breeding animals needs more?
protein
working/adult animals needs more?
carbs, energy
a feedstuff that can be digested or broken down
digestible nutrients
its in roughage that is not easily digested
fiber
they are efficient users of roughage
ruminants and horses
3 basic function of feed nutrients
- structural materials for building (proteins, mineral, water)
- source of energy for heat production (carbs, fats, protein)
- regulators of body (vitamins, amino acid, mineral)
give some reason why animals need feed
- maintenance
- growth
- reproduction
3 terms of animal feed
-ration
-balanced ration
- diet
its a total amount of feed an animal gets in 24 hours
ration
ration that provides all nutrients needed by the animal in the right amount
balanced ration
Type and amount of feed and water an animal eats
diet
6 types of materials of feed and water an animal eats
- carbs
- fats
- protein
- mineral
- vitamins
- water
Major sources are corn oats, hay, soybean oil meal and grain sorghum.
also it is more abundant and cheaper very easily digested and turned into body fat
most important source of energy
Carbohydrates
Meat scraps, tankage, cottonseed and fish meal
Fats
Tankage, soybean meal, fish meal
also complex compounds made of amino acids.
protein
they are needed by animals; six are macrominerals. Includes calcium, salt, phosphorus, magnesium
it is the inorganic elements of animals and plants
minerals
Most important of all nutrients.
water
it is A,D, and the B vitamins are most important in animals.
vitamins
market hog is ___% water,
newborn calf is ____% water
40%
70%
Some are created by the body, (nonessential) Others can’t be made fast enough (essential)
Poor Quality Protein Feeds
amino acid
what does deficiency mean
loss of production
what are the 6 Macrominerals needed by the animal
Salt
Calcium
Phosphorus
Magnesium
Potassium
Sulfur
give some function of minerals
- give strength to skeleton
give some Microminerals needed by the animal
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Fluorine
iodine
Iron
zinc
give some function of minerals
- Give strength to skeleton
- Part of protein
- Activate enzyme systems
- Control fluid balance
what are the fat soluble vitamins
vitamin A D E K
what are the WAYS SUPPLEMENTS ARE
PREPARED
BLOCKS- Salt or mineral block
LIQUIDS- Molasses
MIXES- Salt, protein sources
it gives energy needed for all life processes
like in Deficiency: slow or stunted
energy feeds
Animal Proteins are superior for ______
monogastrics
they are abundant in essential amino acids
Milk and Eggs
Most likely AA to be deficient are:
Lysine, Methionine, and Tryptophan
Cereal grains are low in these
AA
it is high in TDN and high in protein.
Protein supplements
what does TDN mean
total digestable Nutrients
3 types of protein supplements
- animal (meat scraps and tangkage, blood meals)
- plant (soybean oil meal, cotton seed meal)
- synthetic (urea,rice hulls)
any ingredient, or material, fed to animals. most provide one or more nutrients.
Feedstuff
they are nonnutritives
flavor, color, adding bulk,
preservatives
give some Feed Classifications
Roughages
Concentrates
By-product feeds
Protein Supplements
Minerals
Vitamins
Special Feeds
give the Two General Classes of Feedstuffs
- Roughages
- Concentrates
Feedstuffs that are high in fiber and low in energy.
roughages
Feed that are low in fiber and high
in energy
Concentrates
it varies more than any other feed harvest at optimum time cure properly 20% moisture or less
hay
left in field after harvest straw, corn stalks. it is fed to right class of animal & supplement
Crop Residues
fermented forage plants
mostly corn or sorghum
silage
low moisture silage
grass or legume
Haylage
give some other roughages
cottonseed hulls
corncobs
sawdust
beet tops
root crops
oat hulls
its high in TDN but do not provide a balanced ration.
grains
most widely used grain
corn
in By-Product Feeds Milling by-products are from?
cereal grains
oilseeds
root crops
Feeds left over from animal and plant processing or industrial manufacturing
By-Product Feeds
in By-Product Feeds what are the Effective & Profitable Use:
price
composition be known
palatable and consumed
inedible tissues from meat packing like
surplus milk products
Animal Protein Supplements
what does NPN mean?
Nonprotein Nitrogen Sources
they have microorganisms (simple plants) in rumen convert nitrogen into protein
ruminants
it is made from anhydrous ammonia and the end product in nearly all mammals
urea
it has 281% protein
UREA
it is a protein from single-celled organisms: yeast, bacteria, fungi
Single-celled protein (SCP)
it can can make 10 times as much protein as soybeans per acre
algae
can be destroyed by heat, sunlight, oxidation, mold growth
vitamins
vitamins for Adult Ruminants
VITAMINS: A D E
synthesize: B, C, K vitamins
sunlight = Vit. D.
It needs vitamin supplements
hogs
first milk given by mammals after parturition
colostrum
it is fortified with vitamins, minerals & antibiotics
Milk Replacers
it is acidulated soap stock, tallows, greases
fats and oils
it increases calories of ration, controls dust, lessens wear on feed mixing equip
fat
Substance when disolved in water enables solution to conduct electric
Electrolytes
increase palatability of reed intake many additive taste or smell bad
FLAVORING AGENTS
its for dairy cattle, occurs in all milk, not growth promotion
BST (bovine somatotropin)
chemical release release by a specific area of the body
hormones
for swine but similar to BST
PST porcine somatotropin
for not pregnant heifer
supresses estrus
MGA (melengestrol acetate)
feed additives that change the metabolison within the rumen by altering the rumen
IONOPHORES
other additives of IONOPHORES
probiotics - microbial cultures
steroids - increase muscle mass & eliminate
tranquilizers - curbing activity
free from any contaminant that would otherwise reduce its nutritional value unfit for animal to consume
clean
good quality and of good price
affordable
what are the common methods of feed preparation
- cooking
- steaming
- cutting
- fermenting
- peletting
what are the common forms of feeds
- meal form
- crumble form
- pellet form
it grounds pellets into course
crumble form
the usual end products resulting from mixing of feedstuffs
meal form
process of compressing mash feeds with the aid of lives steam
pellet form
it is chopping, grinding, shredding.
it is also easier to handle and less storage area
forage processing method
give some feed types
- booster/prestarter
- starter
- grower
- finisher
- layer
- breeder
- lactating
