General Questions Flashcards
What stores electrolytes and acts as an electrolyte pool in the body?
Bone and Kidneys
What is the normal range of sodium?
135-145mEq/L
What are the components of insensible water loss?
Breathing
Talking
Sweating
Excretion through stool
What is the normal pH of blood?
7.35-7.45
How does the body maintain acid-base balance?
Bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system (kidneys and lungs)
Phosphate system
Hemoglobin system
Proteins System
Respiratory regulation
Renal regulation
What systematic effects occur during an inflammatory response?
Elevated temperature
What is the outcome of histamine release?
Boosts blood flow and causes inflammation
What is the role of histamine during allergic reactions?
Released by mast cells in basophils
- triggering the inflammatory process
- increasing the permeability of capillaries to WBCs and other proteins.
What are the prevention methods of squamous cell carcinoma?
Checking skin for abnormal changes
Using broad 30+ SPF
Avoid tanning
Protection during sun exposure
What changes occur in elderly skin?
Decreased sensation of pain, vibration, cold, heat, pressure and touch.
Loss of elasticity and moisture
Decreased wound healing
Decrease subcutaneous fat
How is fibromyalgia diagnosed?
WIDESPREAD PAIN for at least 3 months
- When COGNITIVE and SOMATIC symptoms are present.
Usually fatigue
What physical assessment technique can assess for kidney disease?
Palpation of the costal vertebral angle
Tenderness is abnormal
What is the importance of dialysis?
Removes excess fluids and waste from the body
How is fluid and sodium retention regulated in the body?
The kidneys
What is the normal flow of urine?
- Collecting duct
- Renal pelvis
- Ureter
- Bladder
Why does ovarian cancer have a poor prognosis?
- NO reliable screening test
- DIFFICULT to treat
- Often METASTASIZED by diagnosis
What is significant about an imbalance in PTH (parathyroid hormone)?
Works opposite to calcitonin to regulate calcium levels
Calcium down, PTH up
How is cerebral palsy classified?
BASED ON MOVEMENT DISORDER INVOLVED
1. Spasticity: stiff muscles (80%)
2. Dyskinesia: uncontrollable movements
3. Ataxia: Poor balance/coordination
What is the gold standard diagnostic for ischemic/hemorrhagic stroke?
MRI
The following causes edema….
Decreased plasma protein
Intracellular fluid has higher levels of this electrolyte…
Magnesium and Potassium
This takes place when a client has hypotension…
Increases ICP
Brain swelling
A HF client presents with bilateral pitting edema, this is an example of a…
Sign
The following fluids shift IV fluids from the extracellular into the Intracellular space….
Hypotonic
Fluid distribution between the Intracellular and extracellular space occurs via
Osmosis
Electrolyte movement through the capillary walls occurs via…
Diffusion
_____is the role of the lungs in balancing acid-bases.
Carbonic acid elimination
_____ and ______ are the chemical mediators responsible for an inflammatory response.
Histamine
Prostaglandins
What dialates vessels in the nose causing nasal stuffiness/congestion?
Histamine release
This following disease is marked by an immune response working in excess…
Rheumatoid Arthritis
This type of WBC plays a role in cell-mediated immunity and immunoglobulin production…
Lymphocytes
A vaccine provides this type of immunity….
Acquired Artificial Immunity
A metastatic cancer patient exhibits this….
Cells invade local tissues and invade neighboring cells
A tumor, node, metastasis characterization of T2, N1, M0 indicates…
Tumor is locally invasive
Regional lymph nodes involvement
No metastasis
____is assessed in a client with atopic dermatitis.
Pruritus
_____is a skin change due to histamine release.
Erythema
A lack of vitamin____/calcium puts an adult client at risk for osteomalacia.
Vitamin D
A deficiency of Vitamin D results in this disorder…
Rickets
____and_____define complications of compartment syndrome.
Pain and tissue damage
A client with a new fibromyalgia diagnosis would exhibit what?
Fatigue
_____is a key feature of Paget’s disease
Enlarged thick bones
_______is likely to cause a mechanical bowel obstruction.
Intussusception
This client is at increased risk of pancreatitis
A clients with a stone lodged in the pancreatic duct.
Hepatitis ___and___is transmitted via the oral-fecal route.
A and E
_____dysfunction is associated with the onset of esophageal varices.
Liver
Dysphasia, weight loss, chest pain, bloody emesis in a GERD client indicates symptoms of ______cancer.
Esophageal
A complication of end-stage cirrhosis with vomiting is a marker for______.
Bleeding Esophageal Varices
A key characteristic of breeding gastric ulcers is_______.
Black Tarry Stool
_______occurs with Hepatitis B patients.
Inflamed, enlarged liver
______results in pre-renal kidney injury.
Hemorrhage
_______is related to over secretion of renin.
Hypertension
Pyelonephritis is due to the______of E. Coli that causes infection.
Ascent
The onset of urinary casts due to a post streptococcal glomerulonephritis infection is a result of what?
Inflamed tubules that COMPRESS RBCs and proteins into a mass.
A client with Type 1 diabetes and ESRD will likely manifest….
Lethargy and Confusion
_____ ______ arises in severe kidney disease clients with hypo or hyperkalemia.
Cardiac Arrhythmias
_______and______indicate early acute renal failure.
Low GFR and High Urea levels
Azotemia is defined by excess _____and_____in the blood.
Urea and Nitrogen
A nurse should monitor _____and____in a client with CKD to determine sodium retention status.
Weight and Blood pressure
The nurse should monitor for______in clients with large renal calculi.
Hydronephrosis
A malignant bladder tumor will likely result in what clinical manifestation?
Painless hematuria
