Causes Flashcards
Warmth and Redness during cellulitis is caused by….
Increase blood flow to the area
What disorders are associated with an excessive immune response?
Asthma and Chron’s disease
Who is most at risk for gout?
Males and African Americans
Individuals who are overweight, hypertension, renal disease, or sickle cell anemia.
Consumption of alcohol, use of diuretics, diet rich in meat and seafood.
What is the cause of osteoporosis?
A decrease or increase in osteoblast activity.
What is the cause of mechanical bowel obstruction?
90% of small intestine obstruction: tumors, adhesions, and hernias
Most common in large intestines: Tumors, diverticulitis, and volvulus
What does excessive H. Pylori cause?
Peptic Ulcers
Gastritis
Duodenitis
What are the risk factors for developing liver cancer?
Male
African American
Family history
Obesity
Chronic Pancreatitis
Diabetes Miletus
Heavy Alcohol Consumption
Tobacco use
Who is most at risk for Hepatitis B infections?
Infants born to mothers with hep B
People who inject drugs or share needles
Sex partners of people with Hep B
What causes the RAAs system to trigger?
Decreased blood flow to the kidneys or hypertension.
What organism causes pyelonephritis?
E. Coli
What cause urinary casts with acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis?
Inflames tubules compress RBCs and protein into a atypical mass
What does hypokalemia cause in the heart?
EKG changes, dysrhythmias, weak and irregular pulse, cardiac arrest.
(Prolonged PR, depressed ST, Flat T, U wave)
What does HYPERkalemia cause in the heart?
EKG changes, bradycardia, dysrhythmias, cardiac arrest
(Prolonged PR, wide QRS, peaked T, depressed ST)
What causes cystitis to be more common in females?
Urethra is closer to the anus and the local flora.
What causes benign prostatic hyperplasia?
Decreased testosterone, increased estrogen, and rising dihydrotestosterone levels.
HPV causes an increased risk of what?
Cervical Cancer
What is the cause of endometrial pain?
Tissue that has migrated will continue to act normally, without any outlet the blood becomes trapped, irritates the surrounding tissue and causes pain.
What is the cause of Acute bacterial prostatitis?
An UTI usually E.Coli
What is the cause of Chronic bacterial prostatitis?
Recurrent UTI
No bacteria present, but immune cells found
What causes trichomoniasis?
T. Vaginalis (a parasite)
What causes giantism?
Excessive GH levels prior to puberty
What causes acromegaly?
Excessive GH levels in adulthood
What causes MS?
Progressive/irreversible deviation of brain, spinal cord, and cranial nerve neurons.
Brains cortex atrophies and plaques develop in the white matter.
What is the cause of cerebral palsy?
Damage to the cerebellum during the prenatal period, but can also occur at any time during the first three years of age.
What is the cause of hepatic encephalopathy?
Chronic hepatitis
The cause of meningitis?
Viral or bacterial infection
What causes a transient ischemic attack (TIA)?
Cerebral artery occlusion, cerebral artery narrowing, or cerebral artery injury
What is the hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease?
Beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles
What causes a cerebral aneurysm?
A weakened artery due to congenital defect.
Later in life due to HTN, DM, dyslipidemia , connective tissue disease, arterial wall infection, PKS, arteriovenous malformations, smoking, illicit drug use, TBI, or brain tumor.
What causes spinal cord injuries?
Direct injury to the spinal cord, or indirectly from damage to surrounding bones, tissues, blood vessels due to blunt/penetrating physical forces.
Most commonly: car accidents, falls, violence, sports, primary gunshot wounds.
What causes exercise induced asthma?
Cool dry air entering the respiratory tract, asthmatic symptoms are compensatory mechanism to warm and moisten air
What causes tuberculosis?
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (a slow growing aerobic bacillus)
What causes pleural effusion?
Pneumonia
Cancer
Pulmonary embolism
Viral infections
or TB.
What causes Empyema?
Likely due to complications from pneumonia, a thoracotomy , abscess, or penetrating trauma within secondary infection.
What causes asthma?
Genetic and environmental causes. A strong immune reaction to an allergen.
COPD causes
Most common contributing factor is cigarette smoking, followed by inhalation of pollution and chemical irritants.
What causes Legionnaires Disease?
Legionella pneumophilia
What can cause pulmonary edema?
Heart failure
What causes bronchitis?
Viruses, bacterial infection, irritant inhalation, and allergic reaction.
Smokers, young children, and elderly at greater risk.
What causes increase RBC production?
Iron
What causes leukemia?
The bone marrow makes abnormal leukocytes, these leukemia cells do not die when they should.
Crowd healthy cells
What causes Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma?
Mainly due to EBV
human T cell leukemia virus
human herpesvirus 8
What cause Hodgkin’s lymphoma?
Lymph nodes swell, and compressed surrounding tissues
Presence REED-STERNBURG Cells
What causes a sickle cell crisis?
Obstruction of small blood vessels as the sickled cells clog the vessels, leading to ischemia in necrosis
What causes multiple myeloma?
Bence Jones proteins are excreted in the urine due to abnormal cells in the bone marrow crowding blood forming cells.
Who is most at risk of multiple myeloma?
Males
African Americans (2x mortality)
Older Adults
What causes iron-deficiency anemia?
When iron supply needed to produce hemoglobin is an adequate to meet the hemoglobin production demands.
Decrease consumption or absorption of iron or increased bleeding.
What causes pernicious anemia?
Cyanocobalamin deficit
What causes mononucleosis?
Epstein Barr virus
Spread from person to person through coughing, sneezing, kissing, shared utensils.
What causes atherosclerosis?
High LDL cholesterol
High blood pressure
Smoking
Diabetes
Obesity
What causes Cardiogenic shock?
The left ventricle is unable to maintain adequate cardiac output, usually occurring because of myocardial damage or arrhythmias.
Highest mortality rate.
