General Principles of Physical exam

Question 1

Causes of Central Cyanosis

Answer 1

• Decreased aterial oxygen saturation
  
  • High altitude
  • Hypoventilation
  • Lung Disease
  • Right to Left cardiac shunt
• Polycythaemia
• Haemoglobin abnormalities
  
  • meth/sulfhaemoglobinaemia

Question 2

Causes of Peripheral Cyanosis

Answer 2

• All causes of central cyanosis
• Exposure to the cold
• Reduced cardiac output - left ventricular failure or shock
• Arterial or venous obstruction

Question 3

Causes of Shock

Answer 3

• Hypovolaemia
  
  • fluid loss
  • ascites
• Cardiac
  
  • pump failure
  • cardiac tamponade
  • dissecting aortic aneurysm
  • arrythmia
• Massive pulmonary embolus
• Sepsis
• Anaphylaxis
• Endocrine failure
• Neuropathic