General Principles of Neuroscience Flashcards
From which parts does nervous system consist?
CNS and PNS
What are the derivation of CNS and PNS?
CNS: neural tube
PNS:
- neural tube (if neuron body in CNS)
- neural crest (if neuron body in PNS)
Which cells do bear the myelin in CNS and PNS?
- CNS: oligodendrocytes (is affected by MS, optic nerve has got CNS myelin too)
- PNS: Schwann cells (affected by Guillain-Barre syndrome)
Name the symptoms of MS
- symptoms separated in space and time
- vision loss
- motor and sensitive deficit
- demyelinated plaques in periventricular areas
- high IgG in CSF
Name the symptoms of Guillain-Barre syndrome
- acute symmetric ascending inflammatory neuropathy of PNS myelin
- weakness begins in lower limbs
- respiratory failure (phrenic nerve)
- motor deficit, rare - sensory
- cranial nerves involvement
- after respiratory/GI illness
- high CSF protein with normal cell count (albuminocytologic dissociation)
What does induce nuroectoderm to form neural tube?
Notochord (induced by sonic hedgehog)
Failure of neural tube to close in the rostral end leads to…
Anencephaly -> polyhydramnios (unable to swallow) and high AFP and AChE
Failure of neural tube to close in the caudal end leads to…
Spina bifida
When is Alpha-fetoprotein elevated?
When there is any body wall defect (omphalocele, spina bifida…)
When is Acetylcholinesterase elevated?
Only when there is open neural tube defect
What are the 3 primary vesicles and their derivatives of brain?
- forebrain (telencephalon, diencephalon)
- midbrain (mesencephalon)
- hindbrain (metencephalon, myelencephalon)
What are the 5 secondary vesicles and their derivatives of brain?
- telencephalon (cortex, lateral ventricles)
- diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, 3d ventricle)
- mesencephalon (midbrain, aqueduct)
- metencephalon (pons, cerebellum, 4th ventricle
- myelencephalon (medulla, 4th ventricle)
What is the anencephaly?
Failure of anterior neuropore to close
Brain does not develop
Incompatible with life
Increased AFP during pregnancy and AChE
What is spina bifida? What types of it do you know? What are the laboratory findings of each type?
1)Spina bifida occulta
Failure to induce bone growth around the spinal cord
Mildest form
Vertebrae fail to form around spinal cord
No increase in AFP
Asymptomatic; tuft of hair over defect.
2)Spina bifida with meningocele
Meninges protrude through vertebral defect
Increase in AFP
3) Spina bifida with meningomyelocele
Meninges and spinal cord protrude through vertebral defect; seen with Arnold-Chiari Type II
Increase in AFP
4)Spina bifida with myeloschisis
Most severe
Spinal cord can be seen externally
Increase in AFP and AChE
What is Arnold-Chiari malformation? What types of it do you know?
Type I Most common Mostly asymptomatic in children Downward displacement of cerebellar tonsils through foramen magnum Frequent association with syringomyelia
Type II
More often symptomatic
Downward displacement of cerebellar vermis
Compression of IV ventricle → obstructive hydrocephaly
Frequent lumbar meningomyelocele
