General Principles of Animal Husbandry Flashcards
1
Q
Define animal husbandry
A
The breeding, rearing and daily care of domestic animals
2
Q
What are the key choices involved in animal husbandry?
A
Indoors/outdoors, housing, food/water, breeds/reproduction, handling, people
3
Q
What are the consequences of poor animal husbandry on animals?
A
Hunger, stress, discomfort, disease, abnormal behaviour
4
Q
What are impact of poor animal husbandry on people?
A
Zoonotic disease, emotional toll, costs, performance, injuries
5
Q
What are the impact on environment due to poor husbandry?
A
Lower performance causes more animals increasing environmental impact
6
Q
Why is obesity due to poor husbandry?
A
Bad control of diet and exercise
7
Q
Why is lameness a health problem due to poor husbandry?
A
Low cleanliness gives rise to infection in hoofs etc
8
Q
What is the role of a vet with promoting good animal husbandry?
A
Advice and training, support changes, to ensure medicines are not used instead of husbandry
9
Q
Name 3 influences on choices of husbandry system?
A
Labour, laws, food availability, behaviour, consumer demand/expectation, technological advances, culture, ethics
10
Q
What needs assessing looking at husbandry?
A
Legal requirements, owner abilities, food and water, routine, biosecurity, housing, breeds, handling
11
Q
What are the 4 methods of assessing animal husbandry?
A
Analysis of records, evaluation of resources, animal assessment, people assessment
12
Q
Why do production animals need to be assessed differently to companion animals?
A
Need to assess large groups, and check for certain standards
13
Q
How much of earth do croplands cover?
A
1.52 billion hectares
14
Q
How much do pastures cover earth?
A
3.38 billion hectares
15
Q
What are the effects of agriculture on the environment?
A
Habitat loss, loss of biodiversity, reduces carbon storage, green house gases, water degradation
16
Q
What is a future challenge of agriculture?
A
Feeding the increased population, as little land is left
17
Q
What are 4 solutions of reducing environmental impact of farming?
A
- Stop expanding agriculture
- close yield gaps
- increase resource efficency
- Shift diets and reduce food waste
18
Q
What is a conflicts between animals and the environment?
A
Grazing on land that cold be used for other food
19
Q
What is an endotherm?
A
capable of internal heat generation
20
Q
What is an ectotherm?
A
Relies on external source of heat
21
Q
What is a homeotherm?
A
Maintaining body temperature at constant level
22
Q
What is a poikilotherm?
A
Varying body temperature
23
Q
What is an upper and lower critical temperature
A
The upper and lower critical temperatures mark the range of the thermo neutral zone
24
Q
What is the thermal neutral zone?
A
The range of ambient temperatures where no heat production or heat loss adjustments are required to maintain body temperature
25
What factors affect the thermo neutral zone?
SA:V, tissue and surface insulation
26
What are responses to an animal being to hot?
Seek shade, max body SA, min insulation (plumage), min heat production (decrease food intake), evaporative cooling (sweat/pant)
27
Why may animal responses change husbandry?
Pigs- need wallows, Animals may need floor insulation or better ventilation
28
What are responses to animals being too cold?
Huddling, seeking shelter, increasing insulation, thermogenesis (shivering/brown fat)
29
What are the 4 ways of transferring heat between animals and environment?
Radiation, conduction, convection, evaporation
30
Why are neonates more susceptible to hypothermia?
SA:V ratio higher, lack muscle to shiver, poor insulation, inability to move
31
Why are animals housed?
Protection from weather, predators and land, ease, increased stocking density, control over feeding and temp, increase efficiency
32
What is the type of housing dependent on?
Species, breed, age, production stage, cost
33
What needs to be considered for housing?
Legal requirements, ventilation, flooring, space, feed/water, waste, handling
34
What is ventilation needed for?
Replenish oxygen, prevent build up of CO2, prevent dust and removal of pathogens
35
What is the stack effect?
Animals in a building warm the air which rises with the 'stale' air causing cool 'fresh' air to be drawn in
36
What factors affect the stack effect and ventilation?
Air inlet and outlets, height differences of openings, heat from animals
37
When should artificial ventilation be used?
When natural ventilation is inadequate (slate roof, dead spots)
38
What are some simple practical tests for assessing ventilation?
Smoke test, look for cobwebs, smell, observe animals (coughing, huddling)
39
How can bullying be prevented?
not allowing any dead ends where a cow cannot get past to go to a resource
40
What is waste disposal and why is it important?
Harbour of disease, slurry gas kills people
41
How self sufficient are the following industries? meat, dairy and eggs, cereals, fruit and veg
meat- 74%, D and E- 82%, Cereals- 62%, F and V- 23%
42
What is the average dairy herd size?
139 cows
43
What is the percentage of milk for fresh usage and processed usage?
50/50
44
What influences biological efficiency?
Reproductive efficiency, location ability, growth and development, longevity
45
What influences the lactation curve?
The amount of suckling stimulus from single, twins causes changes and lear or yield feeding increases yield
46
What is early/late maturing?
Different breeds reach fat deposition age at different points, early means this is at a young age, late is and old age
47
What is an example where restricted DLWG is desirable?
large breed dogs and horses to prevent joint problems
48
What are the characteristics of animal growth?
Animals start by growing the CNS followed by bone then muscle then fat.
49
Define 'feed stuffs'
Any material included in a diet or ration because of its nutritional properties
50
Define 'nutrients'
Any chemical or compound in the diet that supports normal life
51
Define 'diet'
Combination of feeds provided to endure appropriate nutrients
52
Define 'ration'
Amount of food provided daily
53
What factors influence digestibility of feeds?
The animals- carnivores, Fibre content, preparation factors
54
What are some common failures of husbandry due to water?
Calves pre-weaning, sheep grazing a wet pasture, dairy cows immediately after milking, drowning, dirty, frozen
55
What is the difference between dry matter and dead weight?
Things have variable weights of water in fresh weight but once all water is removed it gives dry matter for comparison
56
What are anabolic reactions?
The production or usage of complex molecules such as transport, growth and contraction
57
What are the two measurements for storage of energy?
Calories and Joules
58
What is gross energy?
The energy released from the complete combustion of a sample
59
How does a bomb calorimeter work?
Known quantity of dried sample completely oxidised in sealed container, releasing energy to surrounding water
60
What is the digestible energy?
The amount of energy in an animals diet that can be digested and assimilated
61
What is metabolisable energy?
The energy absorbed by the animal available to fill metabolism
62
What factors affect metabolisable energy?
Factors that affect digestibility, diet quality, species- NH4 loss, nitrogen balance, foods preparation, feeding levels
63
What is net energy?
The amount of food digested and absorbed to fuel metabolic process other then those for digestion
64
How can net energy be calculated form gross energy?
Gross energy - faecal loss - methane and urine - specific dynamic action = net energy
65
How is dry mass calculated?
fresh weight x dry matter proportion
66
What does energy needs vary with?
Age, species, body size, exercise, disease
67
What is the basal metabolic rate?
The minimum amount of energy expenditure to keep cells alive
68
What is the maintenance metabolic rate?
The amount of feed needed to maintain constant body mass
69
What is the relationship between body mass and metabolic rate?
The metabolic rate per kg decreases with body mass
70
What are other energy costs after maintenance?
Fattening and growth, lactation,
71
What is the nutritional role of dietary carbohydrates?
Primary function is energy
72
What are carbohydrates absorbed as in the gut?
Monosaccharides
73
What can absorb larger molecules of carbohydrates?
Neonates- lactose
74
What are major sources of plant carbohydrates?
Seed endospem, plant fibre
75
What is crude fibre?
The analysis of feed carbohydrate content
76
What is the way Van Soest classified dietary plant fibres?
According to nutritional ability
1) Cell walls = microbial fermentation
2) Cell contents = easily hydrolysed to glucose, fermented to VFAs
77
How did Van Soest describe the nutritional value of forages?
Neutral detergent fibre- Plant cell walls
| Acid detergent fibre- crude lignin, crude cellulose
78
Rate the following food from highest crude fibre to lowest: Barley, good hay, barley straw, soya meal, Lucerne hay
Barley straw, good hay, Lucerne hay, barley, soya meal
79
What does FME mean?
Fermentable metabolisable energy
80
What does FME increase?
Animal productivity but reduces fibre and compromises digestible health as lots of VFAs reduces ph causing acidosis
81
What are the 3 VFAs produced during fermentation?
acetate, butyrate, propionate
82
What is the normal rumen ph?
6-7
83
How is the rumen buffered after a meal?
Bicarbonate and phosphate
84
What does concentrate feed and forages cause in monogastrics?
Decreases gastric ph and causes gastric pertuburations including ulceration and colic
85
What does diets with high contents cause?
Increases chewing, saliva, and neutralises acid- this reduces ulceration, dental overgrowth
86
What are the two essential functions of fibre in cattle diets?
Stimulate cudding, form a rumen fibre mat
87
What are the indirect effects of fibre?
Alters food intake, alters digest transit time, alters fermentation rates, effects on microflora, alters digestive secretions, alters behaviour, alters body composition, alters milk fat, water intake
88
What is an essential and non-essential amino acid?
Essential- if tissue synthesis is incapable to meed body requirements if absent
Non-essential- tissue synthesis can compensate for absence
89
What amino acids do cats need a lot of?
Taurine
90
What is Argentine essential for?
Maximum growth rates
91
What are the 10 essential amino acids?
Argenine, histidine, isoleucine, leaching, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine
92
What is crude protein?
Total protein content of a feed
93
How is crude protein calculated?
Protein = 16% Nitrogen
| Nitrogen x 6.25= Protein
94
What is NPN?
non-protein nitrogen which can be converted to NH4 then to protein
95
What is FME?
Fermentable metabolisable energy?
96
What are vitamins?
Organic compounds required in very small quantities for normal body function
97
What are the two classes of vitamins?
Fat soluble
| Water soluble
98
What vitamins are fat soluble?
A, D, E and K
99
What is the name for vitamin A?
Retinol
100
What is the name for vitamin D?
Calciferols
101
What is the name for vitamin E?
Tocopherols
102
What is the name for vitamin K?
Quinones
103
What are the water soluble vitamins?
C and B complex
104
What is the name for vitamin C?
Ascorbic acid
105
What different B complexes are there?
B 1,2,3,5,6,7,9,12
106
What is the name for vitamin B1?
Thiamin
107
What is the name for vitamin B2?
Riboflavin
108
What is the name for vitamin B3?
Nicotinic acid
109
What is the name for vitamin B5?
Panthothenic acid
110
What is the name for vitamin B6?
Pyridoxine
111
What is the name for vitamin B7?
Biotin
112
What is the name for vitamin B9?
Folic acid
113
What is the name for vitamin B12?
Cyanocobalamin
114
What are provitamins?
Act as vitamins after chemical change
115
What animals have higher requirements for vitamins?
Fast growing and peak producing
116
What is avitaminosis?
Total absence of vitamin
117
What is hypovitaminosis?
Partial lack
118
What is hypervitaminosis?
Excessive vitamins
119
What are the metabolic functions of retinol?
Formation/integrity of epithelia and mucous membranes
Retinal function
Bone growth
Immune function
120
What is a pro-vitamin A?
Beta carotene
121
What animals struggle to convert Beta carotene?
young animals, cats cannot at all, some cattle, some diseases
122
Where is retinol stored?
Liver
123
What are sources of retinol?
Liver, egg yolk, milk fat
124
What are sources of Beta carotene
plants (grass)
125
What are the problems of retinol deficiency in cattle?
Mild- rough scaly skin
Prolonged- night blindness
infertility, retained placenta
126
What are the problems of retinol deficiency in dogs and cats?
Dogs-Scurvy, scaly skin, night blindness, abnormal skeletal growth
Cats- foetal defects can cause complete infertility
127
What are the problems of retinol deficiency in poultry?
Pale comb and wattles, ruffled plumage, high mortality
128
What are the effects of hypervitaminosis of dogs/cats and pigs?
Dogs/cats- abnormal bone deposition, lameness, vertebral spondylosis, gingivitis, weightless
Pigs- Cardiac abnormalities in piglets
129
What are the sources of vitamin D?
Sunlight on skin, egg, hay, colostrum
130
What causes common deficiencies of vitamin D?
Housed animals, No UV radiation, Milk
131
What are the metabolic functions of vitamin D?
Promotes Ca2+ absorption, stimulates phosphate uptake from gut, stimulates reabsorption of Ca2+ and P from kidney (regulates ca2+ and P)
132
What are problems of vitamin D deficiency?
Rickets, Ostemalacia (weak bone)
133
What are the sources of vitamin E?
Green fodder (green veg, grass), cereals (barley)
134
What are the metabolic function of vitamin E?
Biological antioxidant
135
What are the problems of vitamin E deficiency?
Nutritional myopathy
Cardiac disease
Brain damage
Lameness and muscle stiffness
136
What are the sources of Vitamin K?
Green leafy materials, egg yolk, liver and fish, gut bacteria synthesise
137
What are the metabolic functions of vitamin K?
Blood clotting, bone and kidney function
138
What are signs of deficiency?
Chicks- anaemia and delayed clotting fo blood
139
What can synthesis B vitamins?
Rumen bacteria
140
What are sources of vitamin B complex?
Liver, yeasts, green foods, cereals, milk
141
What are the metabolic function of B-complex?
Pathways of cellar respiration and energy transfer (co-enzymes)
142
What are the metabolic functions and signs of deficiency of thiamine?
Metabolism- nerve impulses
| Signs- dysfunction of nervous system, paralysis, blindness
143
What causes deficiency in ruminants?
Bacterial thiaminases disturbed- cerebro-cortical necrosis
144
What is the metabolic function of riboflavin?
oxidative phosphorylation
145
What are signs of deficiency of riboflavin in pigs, chicks and ruminants?
Pigs- poor appetites, skin eruptions, vomiting, eye abnormality
Chicks- curled toe paralysis
Ruminants- inappetence, diarrhoea, mouth lesions
146
What are the sources of vitamin b-12?
foods of animal
| microbial origin
147
What is the metabolic function of vitamin b-12?
Cellular respiratory
148
What are the signs of deficiency in young animals?
Poor growth
149
What are the sources of vitamin C?
Citrus fruits, green leafy veg
150
What are the metabolic functions of vitamin C?
collagen formation, iron transport, antioxidant
151
What diets is it essential in?
Ginea pigs
152
What are signs of deficiency of vitamin C?
Scurvy, red dots on skin, weight loss
153
What are the essential minerals (major and trace)
Major- Ca, P, K, Na, Cl, S, Mg
| Trace- Fe, Zn, Cu, Mo, Se, I, Mn, Co
154
What is a major and trace mineral
Divided according to quantities macro (major) micro (trace)
155
What is the metabolic function and absorption of Ca/P?
```
Bone and teeth 99%
Controls cell excitability
Regulates muscle contraction
Enzyme actions
Absorbed- bound with phytates released by rumen bacteria
Hight fat diets produce insoluble soaps
```
156
What is the metabolic function and absorption of Mg?
70% in bone
Muscle contraction
Propogation of impulses
157
What is the metabolic function and absorption of Cu?
```
Some plasma proteins
Oxygen metabolism
Normal hair
Immune
Absorbed as CuSO4 readily
```
158
What is the metabolic function and absorption of Mo?
h
159
What are the key dietary sources of minerals
h
160
What are the key deficiencies of minerals
h
