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Year 1 AHW > General Principles of Animal Husbandry > Flashcards

General Principles of Animal Husbandry Flashcards

1
Q

Define animal husbandry

A

The breeding, rearing and daily care of domestic animals

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2
Q

What are the key choices involved in animal husbandry?

A

Indoors/outdoors, housing, food/water, breeds/reproduction, handling, people

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3
Q

What are the consequences of poor animal husbandry on animals?

A

Hunger, stress, discomfort, disease, abnormal behaviour

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4
Q

What are impact of poor animal husbandry on people?

A

Zoonotic disease, emotional toll, costs, performance, injuries

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5
Q

What are the impact on environment due to poor husbandry?

A

Lower performance causes more animals increasing environmental impact

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6
Q

Why is obesity due to poor husbandry?

A

Bad control of diet and exercise

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7
Q

Why is lameness a health problem due to poor husbandry?

A

Low cleanliness gives rise to infection in hoofs etc

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8
Q

What is the role of a vet with promoting good animal husbandry?

A

Advice and training, support changes, to ensure medicines are not used instead of husbandry

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9
Q

Name 3 influences on choices of husbandry system?

A

Labour, laws, food availability, behaviour, consumer demand/expectation, technological advances, culture, ethics

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10
Q

What needs assessing looking at husbandry?

A

Legal requirements, owner abilities, food and water, routine, biosecurity, housing, breeds, handling

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11
Q

What are the 4 methods of assessing animal husbandry?

A

Analysis of records, evaluation of resources, animal assessment, people assessment

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12
Q

Why do production animals need to be assessed differently to companion animals?

A

Need to assess large groups, and check for certain standards

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13
Q

How much of earth do croplands cover?

A

1.52 billion hectares

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14
Q

How much do pastures cover earth?

A

3.38 billion hectares

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15
Q

What are the effects of agriculture on the environment?

A

Habitat loss, loss of biodiversity, reduces carbon storage, green house gases, water degradation

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16
Q

What is a future challenge of agriculture?

A

Feeding the increased population, as little land is left

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17
Q

What are 4 solutions of reducing environmental impact of farming?

A
  1. Stop expanding agriculture
  2. close yield gaps
  3. increase resource efficency
  4. Shift diets and reduce food waste
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18
Q

What is a conflicts between animals and the environment?

A

Grazing on land that cold be used for other food

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19
Q

What is an endotherm?

A

capable of internal heat generation

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20
Q

What is an ectotherm?

A

Relies on external source of heat

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21
Q

What is a homeotherm?

A

Maintaining body temperature at constant level

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22
Q

What is a poikilotherm?

A

Varying body temperature

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23
Q

What is an upper and lower critical temperature

A

The upper and lower critical temperatures mark the range of the thermo neutral zone

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24
Q

What is the thermal neutral zone?

A

The range of ambient temperatures where no heat production or heat loss adjustments are required to maintain body temperature

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25
Q

What factors affect the thermo neutral zone?

A

SA:V, tissue and surface insulation

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26
Q

What are responses to an animal being to hot?

A

Seek shade, max body SA, min insulation (plumage), min heat production (decrease food intake), evaporative cooling (sweat/pant)

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27
Q

Why may animal responses change husbandry?

A

Pigs- need wallows, Animals may need floor insulation or better ventilation

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28
Q

What are responses to animals being too cold?

A

Huddling, seeking shelter, increasing insulation, thermogenesis (shivering/brown fat)

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29
Q

What are the 4 ways of transferring heat between animals and environment?

A

Radiation, conduction, convection, evaporation

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30
Q

Why are neonates more susceptible to hypothermia?

A

SA:V ratio higher, lack muscle to shiver, poor insulation, inability to move

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31
Q

Why are animals housed?

A

Protection from weather, predators and land, ease, increased stocking density, control over feeding and temp, increase efficiency

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32
Q

What is the type of housing dependent on?

A

Species, breed, age, production stage, cost

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33
Q

What needs to be considered for housing?

A

Legal requirements, ventilation, flooring, space, feed/water, waste, handling

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34
Q

What is ventilation needed for?

A

Replenish oxygen, prevent build up of CO2, prevent dust and removal of pathogens

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35
Q

What is the stack effect?

A

Animals in a building warm the air which rises with the ‘stale’ air causing cool ‘fresh’ air to be drawn in

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36
Q

What factors affect the stack effect and ventilation?

A

Air inlet and outlets, height differences of openings, heat from animals

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37
Q

When should artificial ventilation be used?

A

When natural ventilation is inadequate (slate roof, dead spots)

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38
Q

What are some simple practical tests for assessing ventilation?

A

Smoke test, look for cobwebs, smell, observe animals (coughing, huddling)

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39
Q

How can bullying be prevented?

A

not allowing any dead ends where a cow cannot get past to go to a resource

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40
Q

What is waste disposal and why is it important?

A

Harbour of disease, slurry gas kills people

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41
Q

How self sufficient are the following industries? meat, dairy and eggs, cereals, fruit and veg

A

meat- 74%, D and E- 82%, Cereals- 62%, F and V- 23%

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42
Q

What is the average dairy herd size?

A

139 cows

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43
Q

What is the percentage of milk for fresh usage and processed usage?

A

50/50

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44
Q

What influences biological efficiency?

A

Reproductive efficiency, location ability, growth and development, longevity

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45
Q

What influences the lactation curve?

A

The amount of suckling stimulus from single, twins causes changes and lear or yield feeding increases yield

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46
Q

What is early/late maturing?

A

Different breeds reach fat deposition age at different points, early means this is at a young age, late is and old age

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47
Q

What is an example where restricted DLWG is desirable?

A

large breed dogs and horses to prevent joint problems

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48
Q

What are the characteristics of animal growth?

A

Animals start by growing the CNS followed by bone then muscle then fat.

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49
Q

Define ‘feed stuffs’

A

Any material included in a diet or ration because of its nutritional properties

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50
Q

Define ‘nutrients’

A

Any chemical or compound in the diet that supports normal life

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51
Q

Define ‘diet’

A

Combination of feeds provided to endure appropriate nutrients

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52
Q

Define ‘ration’

A

Amount of food provided daily

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53
Q

What factors influence digestibility of feeds?

A

The animals- carnivores, Fibre content, preparation factors

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54
Q

What are some common failures of husbandry due to water?

A

Calves pre-weaning, sheep grazing a wet pasture, dairy cows immediately after milking, drowning, dirty, frozen

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55
Q

What is the difference between dry matter and dead weight?

A

Things have variable weights of water in fresh weight but once all water is removed it gives dry matter for comparison

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56
Q

What are anabolic reactions?

A

The production or usage of complex molecules such as transport, growth and contraction

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57
Q

What are the two measurements for storage of energy?

A

Calories and Joules

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58
Q

What is gross energy?

A

The energy released from the complete combustion of a sample

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59
Q

How does a bomb calorimeter work?

A

Known quantity of dried sample completely oxidised in sealed container, releasing energy to surrounding water

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60
Q

What is the digestible energy?

A

The amount of energy in an animals diet that can be digested and assimilated

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61
Q

What is metabolisable energy?

A

The energy absorbed by the animal available to fill metabolism

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62
Q

What factors affect metabolisable energy?

A

Factors that affect digestibility, diet quality, species- NH4 loss, nitrogen balance, foods preparation, feeding levels

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63
Q

What is net energy?

A

The amount of food digested and absorbed to fuel metabolic process other then those for digestion

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64
Q

How can net energy be calculated form gross energy?

A

Gross energy - faecal loss - methane and urine - specific dynamic action = net energy

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65
Q

How is dry mass calculated?

A

fresh weight x dry matter proportion

66
Q

What does energy needs vary with?

A

Age, species, body size, exercise, disease

67
Q

What is the basal metabolic rate?

A

The minimum amount of energy expenditure to keep cells alive

68
Q

What is the maintenance metabolic rate?

A

The amount of feed needed to maintain constant body mass

69
Q

What is the relationship between body mass and metabolic rate?

A

The metabolic rate per kg decreases with body mass

70
Q

What are other energy costs after maintenance?

A

Fattening and growth, lactation,

71
Q

What is the nutritional role of dietary carbohydrates?

A

Primary function is energy

72
Q

What are carbohydrates absorbed as in the gut?

A

Monosaccharides

73
Q

What can absorb larger molecules of carbohydrates?

A

Neonates- lactose

74
Q

What are major sources of plant carbohydrates?

A

Seed endospem, plant fibre

75
Q

What is crude fibre?

A

The analysis of feed carbohydrate content

76
Q

What is the way Van Soest classified dietary plant fibres?

A

According to nutritional ability

1) Cell walls = microbial fermentation
2) Cell contents = easily hydrolysed to glucose, fermented to VFAs

77
Q

How did Van Soest describe the nutritional value of forages?

A

Neutral detergent fibre- Plant cell walls

Acid detergent fibre- crude lignin, crude cellulose

78
Q

Rate the following food from highest crude fibre to lowest: Barley, good hay, barley straw, soya meal, Lucerne hay

A

Barley straw, good hay, Lucerne hay, barley, soya meal

79
Q

What does FME mean?

A

Fermentable metabolisable energy

80
Q

What does FME increase?

A

Animal productivity but reduces fibre and compromises digestible health as lots of VFAs reduces ph causing acidosis

81
Q

What are the 3 VFAs produced during fermentation?

A

acetate, butyrate, propionate

82
Q

What is the normal rumen ph?

A

6-7

83
Q

How is the rumen buffered after a meal?

A

Bicarbonate and phosphate

84
Q

What does concentrate feed and forages cause in monogastrics?

A

Decreases gastric ph and causes gastric pertuburations including ulceration and colic

85
Q

What does diets with high contents cause?

A

Increases chewing, saliva, and neutralises acid- this reduces ulceration, dental overgrowth

86
Q

What are the two essential functions of fibre in cattle diets?

A

Stimulate cudding, form a rumen fibre mat

87
Q

What are the indirect effects of fibre?

A

Alters food intake, alters digest transit time, alters fermentation rates, effects on microflora, alters digestive secretions, alters behaviour, alters body composition, alters milk fat, water intake

88
Q

What is an essential and non-essential amino acid?

A

Essential- if tissue synthesis is incapable to meed body requirements if absent
Non-essential- tissue synthesis can compensate for absence

89
Q

What amino acids do cats need a lot of?

A

Taurine

90
Q

What is Argentine essential for?

A

Maximum growth rates

91
Q

What are the 10 essential amino acids?

A

Argenine, histidine, isoleucine, leaching, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine

92
Q

What is crude protein?

A

Total protein content of a feed

93
Q

How is crude protein calculated?

A

Protein = 16% Nitrogen

Nitrogen x 6.25= Protein

94
Q

What is NPN?

A

non-protein nitrogen which can be converted to NH4 then to protein

95
Q

What is FME?

A

Fermentable metabolisable energy?

96
Q

What are vitamins?

A

Organic compounds required in very small quantities for normal body function

97
Q

What are the two classes of vitamins?

A

Fat soluble

Water soluble

98
Q

What vitamins are fat soluble?

A

A, D, E and K

99
Q

What is the name for vitamin A?

A

Retinol

100
Q

What is the name for vitamin D?

A

Calciferols

101
Q

What is the name for vitamin E?

A

Tocopherols

102
Q

What is the name for vitamin K?

A

Quinones

103
Q

What are the water soluble vitamins?

A

C and B complex

104
Q

What is the name for vitamin C?

A

Ascorbic acid

105
Q

What different B complexes are there?

A

B 1,2,3,5,6,7,9,12

106
Q

What is the name for vitamin B1?

A

Thiamin

107
Q

What is the name for vitamin B2?

A

Riboflavin

108
Q

What is the name for vitamin B3?

A

Nicotinic acid

109
Q

What is the name for vitamin B5?

A

Panthothenic acid

110
Q

What is the name for vitamin B6?

A

Pyridoxine

111
Q

What is the name for vitamin B7?

A

Biotin

112
Q

What is the name for vitamin B9?

A

Folic acid

113
Q

What is the name for vitamin B12?

A

Cyanocobalamin

114
Q

What are provitamins?

A

Act as vitamins after chemical change

115
Q

What animals have higher requirements for vitamins?

A

Fast growing and peak producing

116
Q

What is avitaminosis?

A

Total absence of vitamin

117
Q

What is hypovitaminosis?

A

Partial lack

118
Q

What is hypervitaminosis?

A

Excessive vitamins

119
Q

What are the metabolic functions of retinol?

A

Formation/integrity of epithelia and mucous membranes
Retinal function
Bone growth
Immune function

120
Q

What is a pro-vitamin A?

A

Beta carotene

121
Q

What animals struggle to convert Beta carotene?

A

young animals, cats cannot at all, some cattle, some diseases

122
Q

Where is retinol stored?

A

Liver

123
Q

What are sources of retinol?

A

Liver, egg yolk, milk fat

124
Q

What are sources of Beta carotene

A

plants (grass)

125
Q

What are the problems of retinol deficiency in cattle?

A

Mild- rough scaly skin
Prolonged- night blindness
infertility, retained placenta

126
Q

What are the problems of retinol deficiency in dogs and cats?

A

Dogs-Scurvy, scaly skin, night blindness, abnormal skeletal growth
Cats- foetal defects can cause complete infertility

127
Q

What are the problems of retinol deficiency in poultry?

A

Pale comb and wattles, ruffled plumage, high mortality

128
Q

What are the effects of hypervitaminosis of dogs/cats and pigs?

A

Dogs/cats- abnormal bone deposition, lameness, vertebral spondylosis, gingivitis, weightless
Pigs- Cardiac abnormalities in piglets

129
Q

What are the sources of vitamin D?

A

Sunlight on skin, egg, hay, colostrum

130
Q

What causes common deficiencies of vitamin D?

A

Housed animals, No UV radiation, Milk

131
Q

What are the metabolic functions of vitamin D?

A

Promotes Ca2+ absorption, stimulates phosphate uptake from gut, stimulates reabsorption of Ca2+ and P from kidney (regulates ca2+ and P)

132
Q

What are problems of vitamin D deficiency?

A

Rickets, Ostemalacia (weak bone)

133
Q

What are the sources of vitamin E?

A

Green fodder (green veg, grass), cereals (barley)

134
Q

What are the metabolic function of vitamin E?

A

Biological antioxidant

135
Q

What are the problems of vitamin E deficiency?

A

Nutritional myopathy
Cardiac disease
Brain damage
Lameness and muscle stiffness

136
Q

What are the sources of Vitamin K?

A

Green leafy materials, egg yolk, liver and fish, gut bacteria synthesise

137
Q

What are the metabolic functions of vitamin K?

A

Blood clotting, bone and kidney function

138
Q

What are signs of deficiency?

A

Chicks- anaemia and delayed clotting fo blood

139
Q

What can synthesis B vitamins?

A

Rumen bacteria

140
Q

What are sources of vitamin B complex?

A

Liver, yeasts, green foods, cereals, milk

141
Q

What are the metabolic function of B-complex?

A

Pathways of cellar respiration and energy transfer (co-enzymes)

142
Q

What are the metabolic functions and signs of deficiency of thiamine?

A

Metabolism- nerve impulses

Signs- dysfunction of nervous system, paralysis, blindness

143
Q

What causes deficiency in ruminants?

A

Bacterial thiaminases disturbed- cerebro-cortical necrosis

144
Q

What is the metabolic function of riboflavin?

A

oxidative phosphorylation

145
Q

What are signs of deficiency of riboflavin in pigs, chicks and ruminants?

A

Pigs- poor appetites, skin eruptions, vomiting, eye abnormality
Chicks- curled toe paralysis
Ruminants- inappetence, diarrhoea, mouth lesions

146
Q

What are the sources of vitamin b-12?

A

foods of animal

microbial origin

147
Q

What is the metabolic function of vitamin b-12?

A

Cellular respiratory

148
Q

What are the signs of deficiency in young animals?

A

Poor growth

149
Q

What are the sources of vitamin C?

A

Citrus fruits, green leafy veg

150
Q

What are the metabolic functions of vitamin C?

A

collagen formation, iron transport, antioxidant

151
Q

What diets is it essential in?

A

Ginea pigs

152
Q

What are signs of deficiency of vitamin C?

A

Scurvy, red dots on skin, weight loss

153
Q

What are the essential minerals (major and trace)

A

Major- Ca, P, K, Na, Cl, S, Mg

Trace- Fe, Zn, Cu, Mo, Se, I, Mn, Co

154
Q

What is a major and trace mineral

A

Divided according to quantities macro (major) micro (trace)

155
Q

What is the metabolic function and absorption of Ca/P?

A 
Bone and teeth 99%
Controls cell excitability
Regulates muscle contraction
Enzyme actions
Absorbed- bound with phytates released by rumen bacteria
Hight fat diets produce insoluble soaps
156
Q

What is the metabolic function and absorption of Mg?

A

70% in bone
Muscle contraction
Propogation of impulses

157
Q

What is the metabolic function and absorption of Cu?

A 
Some plasma proteins
Oxygen metabolism
Normal hair
Immune
Absorbed as CuSO4 readily
158
Q

What is the metabolic function and absorption of Mo?

A

h

159
Q

What are the key dietary sources of minerals

A

h

160
Q

What are the key deficiencies of minerals

A

h

Year 1 AHW (9 decks)

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