General Pathophysiology

Question 1

Pathophysiology

Answer 1

• the disordered physiological processes associated with disease or injury.
• how do diseases work

Question 2

Cell

Answer 2

• is the fundamental unit of life

Question 3

Cell Anatomy

Answer 3

• Cell membrane
• Cytoplasm/protoplasm
• Internal membrane
• Organelles*
• Genetic materials

Question 4

4 basis types of cells

Answer 4

• Epithelial
• Connective
• Muscle
• Nervous

Question 5

Cell Function

Answer 5

• Cells become specialized
  
  • Movement
  • Conductivity
  • Metabolic absorption
  • Secretion
  • Excretion
  • Respiration
  • Reproduction

Question 6

Maintaining Homeostasis

Answer 6

• Metabolism
	• Build up/break down
• Endocrine signaling via hormones
• Neurotransmitters
• Receptors
•Negative feedback loop
– 	Body responds to input with response
• Organ eventually cannot respond anymore =
–      decompensate
• Nervous response – fast, short lived
• Endocrine – slower, longer duration

Question 7

Cellular Adaptation

Answer 7

Adapt to escape and/or protect from injury
5 most significant adaptive changes
1. Atrophy – decrease in the size of cells
2. Hypertrophy – increase in the number of cells
3. Hyperplasia – increase in the number of cells
4. Metaplasia – change from one cell type to another
5. Dysplasia – abnormal cellular growth

Question 8

Atrophy

Answer 8

• decrease in the size of cells

Question 9

Hypertrophy

Answer 9

• increase in the number of cells

Question 10

Hyperplasia

Answer 10

• increase in the number of cells

Question 11

Metaplasia

Answer 11

• change from one cell type to another

Question 12

Dysplasia

Answer 12

• abnormal cellular growth

Question 13

General Signs and Symptoms of Cellular Injury

Answer 13

• Fever
• Fatigue
• Malaise
• Loss of well being
• Altered appetite
• Altered heart rate
• Increased Leukocytes
• Pain

Question 14

Cellular Injury/Common Causes

Answer 14

• Occurs if cell unable to maintain homeostasis
• Common causes
– Hypoxic injury
– Chemical injury
– Infectious injury
– Immunological or inflammatory injury
– Genetic factors
– Nutritional imbalances
– Physical agents
– Traumatic injuries

Question 15

Stress and Disease

Answer 15

• Psychoneuroimmunology: study of stress and disease
• Prolonged emotional or psychological stress causes disease
• In brief:
– Sympathetic nervous system activated
– Causes adrenals to release catecholamines
– Hypothalamus stimulates pituitary gland
– Pituitary releases hormones
– ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) stimulates cortex of adrenal gland to release cortisol

Question 16

4 Types of Necrosis

Answer 16

• Coagulation – caused by ischemia
– albumin firms up
• Liquefactive – local bacterial
– cells become liquid
• Caseous - mycobacterial infections (TB)
– Incompletely digested cells
• Fatty – release of pancreatic enzymes or trauma to fatty tissue
– Combines with Ca++, Na+ Mg++

Question 17

Cortisol

Answer 17

• Circulates in the plasma & metabolizes substances for cellular metabolism
• Primary metabolic effect is gluconeogenesis
– Elevates blood glucose
• Acts as immunosuppressant by causing:
– Lymphocyte reduction
– Decreases cellular immunity
• Decreases migration of macrophages into inflamed area and decrease phagocytosis