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Intro Block > Communicable Disease > Flashcards

Communicable Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Co-Factors

A
  • Genetic mapping
  • Cultural differences
  • Malnutrition
  • Chronic drug use
  • Chronic physical or psychological stress
  • Elderly or newborn
  • Certain medications (steroids, chemo, not completed antibiotic use)
  • Immunologically suppressed
  • Diabetes
  • Tissue transplant patient
  • Trauma or burn patient (due to compromised skin barrier)
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2
Q

Immunity

A

• Ability of the body to resist the infecting agent
• Three main types:
1. Natural – protected from the disease even though the patient has never had any form of the disease or been given any form of immunization against it. AKA Innate Immunity.
2. Acquired – induced active (vaccine or infection)
3. Passive – artificially acquired immunity (passive) transfer of antibody or lymphocytes from immune donor

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3
Q

Virulence

A

• ability/strength of pathogen to overcome bodies defense

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4
Q

Communicable Disease

A
  • An illness caused by an infectious agent which can be transmitted from one person to another
  • AKA infectious diseases
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5
Q

OSHA

A

•The primary agency responsible for establishing guidelines and standards to regulate health care worker safety as it relates to communicable disease

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6
Q

Epidemiology

A

• study of disease affect on population

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7
Q

Normal flora

A

• does not cause disease

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8
Q

Pathogens

A

• organism able to cause disease

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9
Q

Opportunistic pathogen

A

• normally does not cause disease but under unusual circumstances will

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10
Q

Exposure

A

• any occurrence in which blood or body fluids come in contact with non-intact skin or mucous membranes

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11
Q

Chain of Disease Transmission

A
  • Causative agent
  • Mode of transmission
  • Portal of transmission
  • Receiving host
  • Portal of entry
  • Exposure
  • Bites
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12
Q

Sero-Conversion

A
  • Creation of antibodies after exposure

* goal of immunizations/vaccines

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13
Q

Micro-organisms

A 
• Microscopic living organisms having a simple cell structure
Types:
- Bacteria
- Viruses
- Yeasts
- Fungi
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14
Q

Natural Immunity

A

• protected from the disease even though the patient has never had any form of the disease or been given any form of immunization against it. AKA Innate Immunity.

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15
Q

Acquired Immunity

A

• induced active (vaccine or infection)

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16
Q

Passive Immunity

A

• artificially acquired immunity (passive) transfer of antibody or lymphocytes from immune donor

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17
Q

Modes of Transmission

A
  • Direct
  • Indirect
  • Vector
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18
Q

Direct Transmission

A
  • Pathogen, insect, microorganism is spread from person to person
  • Hand to hand, hand to mouth
  • Droplet, contact with body or blood fluids
  • fecal/oral contamination, sexual contact
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19
Q

Indirect Transmission

A

• From person to object to other person, tissues, clothing, linens, eating utensils, food, water

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20
Q

Vector Transmission

A 
• Sometimes considered as indirect
• Infection from a host animal
Fleas
Animals—Rabies
Mosquitoes—Malaria, Dengue Fever
Ticks--Lyme disease
Rodents—Hanta virus
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21
Q

Nosocomial

A
  • Acquired in a health care setting

* Usually due to improper control procedures

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22
Q

RSV – Respirator Syncytial Virus

A
  • More common cause of pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants and young children
  • Can be fatal
  • Peaks November to April
  • Begins as URI, misdiagnosed common cold
  • Cough runny nose at first
  • Later wheezing tachypnea, respiratory distress
  • High risk congenitally ill children
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23
Q

Mononucleosis – Mono

A
  • Viral
  • “Kissing disease”
  • Person to person
  • Respiratory tract infections
  • Fever, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes
  • Fatigue
  • Hepatomegaly
  • Oral discharge
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24
Q

Center for Disease Control (CDC)

A

• Public Health Agency
• 3 main roles
1. determining effectiveness of disease transmission
2 gauging a diseases potential of community impact
3. recognized that disease is predictable

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25
Q

“First line of defense”

A

• Skin

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26
Q

Homeostasis

A

• normal and stable environment

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27
Q

Bacteria

A
  • Will respond to antibiotic therapy
  • Cause disease by presence in body
  • Small living forms which reproduce by simply dividing
  • Reproduce outside the cell
  • Types: Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, TB, Syphilis, Staph, Streptococci, Tetanus
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28
Q

Virus

A
  • Will usually not respond to antibiotic therapy
  • Parasite, can not reproduce outside the living cell and must invade a living cell to survive
  • Smallest infectious agents capable of reproduction
  • Nucleic acid with protein coat
  • Vaccines and immunizations a must !
  • Types: Colds, Flu ,Measles, Mumps, Chicken Pox (Varicella), Herpes, HIV, HAV, HBV, HCV, HEV, Polio, Encephalitis, Some forms of Pneumonia
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29
Q

Yeasts

A
  • Lives in our body, Illness and antibody use can cause it to multiply
  • Thrust, esophagitis, vaginal, skin
  • Can be life threatening
30
Q

Fungus

A
  • Requires: oxygen, warmth, humidity for growth
  • Cellular organism that depends on living matter for growth
  • Most common fungus is: ATHLETES FOOT !
31
Q

Immunological Response

A
  • “Antibodies respond invading substance by tagging or neutralizing cells”
  • T-Cells: strop process of infection conquered. Direct attack
  • B-Cells: produce antibodies
32
Q

Body’s Response to antibodies

A
  • Fever
  • Heat
  • Aches
  • Pains
  • Swelling
  • Redness
  • Fatigue
  • Malaise
33
Q

Antibodies

A
  • Produced in the body by plasma cells in a response to a foreign substance
  • Body’s response to long term protection from infection or disease
34
Q

Stages of Disease

A
  • Latent: this is the time between the exposure occurred and before the symptoms were seen
  • Incubation: exposure to the signs of the disease
  • Communicability: span during which contact with infected person will result in spread of infection
  • Window: time from the exposure to the point were you test positive for the disease
35
Q

Staphylococcus Aureus

A
  • normal flora found on people
  • around 30% of health people
  • most common cause of food poisoning
36
Q

Bad Staphylococcus

A 
• Becomes problematic when introduced into the body or bloodstream via:
– Traumatic injuries
– Burns
– Surgical incisions
– Wound contamination
– Inhalation
– Ingestion
• Can cause
– Pneumonia
– Osteomyelitis
– Endocarditis
– Otitis media
37
Q

Debbi’s Rules

A
  • Wash your hands
  • Clean you equipment
  • Change your filthy gloves
38
Q

Good Enterococcus

A
  • Gram positive bacteria found in human intestine

* Normal flora in ileum and colon, help break down food for digestion and absorption

39
Q

Bad Enterococcus

A

• Enterococcus faecalis and enterococcus faecium
• Cause infections of:
– Urinary tract
– Abdominal pelvic conditions
– Endocarditis
• Can spread via direct contact or contaminated equipment
•Can live on equipment for up to one week!!!

40
Q

Childhood Diseases

A
  • Chicken Pox
  • Measles
  • Mumps
  • Rubella
  • RSV
41
Q

Elements of Standard Precautions

A
  • Handwashing
  • Gloves
  • Mask, Eye/Face Shields
  • Gown
  • Patient Care Equipment
  • Airborne or droplet precautions
  • MRSA and VRE patients
  • HEPA respirator
  • Wound Dressings
  • Red bags
  • Sharps
42
Q

Medical Waste

A

• Three criteria

  1. Must actually be a waste product
  2. Can either be biohazard or sharp
  3. Must be produced as a result of a specific action in the delivery of health care.
43
Q

Standard Precautions

A
  • Universal Precautions + Body Substance Isolation
  • Universal precautions (blood and body fluid) is designed to reduce risk of transmission of blood borne pathogens
  • BSI designed to reduce transmission of pathogens from moist surfaces
  • Should implement standard precautions at all times (classroom, hospital and field) regardless of patients diagnosis or suspected diagnosis
44
Q

MRSA

A

• Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aurous

45
Q

VRE

A

• Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus

46
Q

Clostridium difficile (C - Diff)

A

• Found throughout environment
• Some healthy people carry this in the large intestine
•Passed in feces
• When on antibiotics good bacterial is gone and unhealthy ones take over
• Newer strain
– Hard to treat
– Seen in patients not on antibiotics or in hospitals

47
Q

Signs and Symptoms of C - Diff

A
  • Diarrhea—3+ to 10+ times per day
  • Cramping and pain
  • Fever
  • Blood in stool
  • Nausea
  • Dehydration
  • Loss of appetite
  • Weight loss
48
Q

Chicken Pox (Varicella Zoster)

A
  • Transmitted by respiratory secretions direct or indirect
  • Scabs not infectious
  • May reappear as “shingles” later (15%)
  • Herpes family
49
Q

Mumps (Paramyxovirus)

A

• Viral
• Unilateral or bilateral edema of salivary glands
• Direct contact of saliva droplets
•Can also affect
– Testes
– Pancreas
•May cause painful swelling and inflammation of testes

50
Q

Respirator Syncytial Virus (RSV)

A
  • More common cause of pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants and young children
  • Can be fatal
  • Peaks November to April
  • Begins as URI, misdiagnosed common cold
  • Cough runny nose at first, later wheezing tachypnea, respiratory distress
  • High risk congenitally ill children
51
Q

Mononucleosis

A
  • Viral
  • “Kissing disease”
  • Person to person
  • Respiratory tract infections
  • Fever sore throat, swollen lymph nodes
  • Fatigue
  • Hepatomegaly
52
Q

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

A
  • Chlamydia – leading cause of blindness in new borns
  • Herpes simplex type 2 – Causes vascular genital lesions
  • Syphilis
  • Gonorrhea
  • Genital Warts
53
Q

Rubella (German Measles)

A 
• Virus (Rubivirus)
• Droplet 
• Usually mild with rash and fever
• Congenital Rubella Syndrome
– 25% infants born to moms who get rubella in first trimester
– risk of death from sepsis, heart disease in first 6 months
retardation and other congenital defects
• Essentially eliminated
54
Q

Red Measles (Rubeola)

A
  • Viral
  • Indirect or direct through contact with respiratory secretions
  • Fever, cough, runny nose
  • Conjunctivitis
  • Bronchitis
  • Blotchy red rash
  • “Koplik’s spots” on buccal mucosa
  • Bacterial infections may result (lungs, ears)
55
Q

Lice S/S

A
  • Red papules

* White oval-shaped objects are eggs

56
Q

Rabies Rx

A

Clean the wound with soap and water

57
Q

Meningitis

A

• Viral or bacterial
• Inflammation of the covering of the brain and spinal cord
• Bacterial worse - more in kids 2 months to four years
• Mode of transmission- usually direct contact with airborne droplets or upper respiratory secretions
– Pathogen inhaled
– Invades respiratory passages
– Travels via blood to brain and spinal cord
– Spreads to additional organ systems
• May cause seizures, coma, shock
• Rx- antibiotics–Cipro

58
Q

Bacterial Meningitis (Meningococcal)

A 
• considered more communicable
– fever*
– headache*
– nausea
– vomiting 
– Headache
• Encephalitis
– Headache
– Stiff neck
– Stiff back
– Coma
59
Q

Viral Meningitis (Aseptic)

A 
•Associated with other virus (mumps)
• Signs:
– Fever
–Malaise
– Sore throat
– Stiff neck
– Symptoms mild with complete recovery
60
Q

Tuberculosis Patho

A
  • Enters body and multiplies
  • Enters lymph system
  • Most common site effected- lung
  • Less common sites- spine, bones, meninges, liver spleen
  • Causes areas of fibrosis in lungs
  • Decreases lung total capacity
61
Q

Tuberculosis S/S

A
  • Fever*
  • Night sweats*
  • Cough*
  • Weight loss
  • Sputum (green or yellow)
  • Hemoptysis*
  • Dehydration rare, concern in nursing home population
62
Q

Tuberculosis Transmission

A
  • Airborne droplets containing tubercle bacilli
  • Sputum contact
  • Ingested- used to be milk until pasteurization
63
Q

Tuberculosis Precautions

A
  • Mask on patient
  • Mask on you
  • Ventilatory assistance
  • IV
  • EKG
  • No fans in rig
  • Disinfect equipment
  • Antibiotics
  • Testing every year but should be area specific
64
Q 
Hepatitis A (infectious)
HAV
A 
• Only hepatitis that is not blood borne
• How acquired
–	Ingestion of HAV contaminated food
–	Fecal-oral route
–	Vaccine available
• Does not cause chronic liver disease
65
Q 
Hepatitis A (infectious)
HAV S/S
A
  • GI symptoms (flu-like)*
  • Dark urine, light colored stools
  • Jaundice*
  • Fatigue
  • Malaise
  • Vomiting
  • Weakness
  • Fever
  • URQ abdominal pain
66
Q

Needle sticks

A
  • Health care workers risk of infection depends on
  • Pathogen involved
  • Immune status of the worker
  • Availability and sue of appropriate post-exposure prophylaxis
  • Higher risk with larger amounts of blood involved
67
Q

Hepatitis B

A

• Viral
• Sources:
– Blood, serum, saliva, semen, vaginal secretions
• Patho similar to HAV
For Healthcare Folks **
–– 782 cases in 2009
10% Chronic carriers
If exposed check titer which will now be positive if exposed
If source negative no further test needed
Rapid HBV testing—takes 20 minutes
Tests antigen

68
Q

Hepatitis C

A 
• Blood borne virus
• Similar to HBV
• Usually as result of transfusion, but can be sexually transmitted or through needle stick
• Complications **
– Chronis infection develops
– Active liver disease
– Cirrhosis develops
– Live cancer develop
69
Q

HIV – Human Immunodeficiency Virus

A 
• Life threatening 
•Attacks immune system
• Results in two major diseases:
– Kaposis Sarcoma
– Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia
• Requires direct transfer of body fluids
• Can survive 24 – 36 hours after death
70
Q

HIV Patho

A
  • Converts RNA to DNA in host cell
  • Cell now part virus, part cell
  • Virus commandeers cell to reproduce more virus
  • Cell ruptures after enough virus produced
  • Cell destroyed, virus enters blood
  • Seeks new target cells (helper T-cells)
  • Antibodies to HIV produced but ineffective
71
Q

HIV Modes of Transmission

A
  • Unprotected sex
  • IV drug use
  • Blood contact to open wound
  • Breast feeding by infected mom
  • Mother to fetus
  • Transfusions
  • Needle sticks
72
Q

HIV Signs And Symptoms

A
  • fatigue
  • fever
  • chills
  • night sweats
  • weight loss>10 lbs.
  • swollen glands
  • thrush
  • persistent diarrhea
  • cough and SOB
  • loss of vision

Intro Block (6 decks)

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