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Clinical Medicine > General Pathology of Infectious Disease 2 > Flashcards

General Pathology of Infectious Disease 2 Flashcards

1
Q

bacteria that is gram+, grape-like clusters, associated with PMNs

A

staphylococcus aureus

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2
Q

what test is used to differentiate staphylococci from other Gram+ cocci (like step) ?

A

catalase test

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3
Q

what test is the basis for separating S. aureus from numerous other (less pathogenic) strains of the same genus?

A

coagulase test

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4
Q

majority of Staph infections in humans are from?

A

S. aureus

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5
Q

list of S. aureus virulence factors

A
  • protein A
  • catalase
  • coagulase
  • fibrinolysins
  • hyaluronidase
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6
Q

how does the virulence factor of S. aureus protein A work?

A

binds to Fc segment of Ig, thus inactivates the complement cascade

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7
Q

how does the virulence factor of S. aureus catalase work?

A

inactivates H2O2 (defines the genus)

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8
Q

how does the virulence factor of S. aureus coagulase work?

A

coats bacteria with fibrin, rendering them resistant to opsonization and phagocytosis

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9
Q

how does the virulence factor of S. aureus fibronolysins work?

A

breaks down clots and allows spread to contiguous tissue

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10
Q

how does the virulence factor of S. aureus hyaluronidase work?

A

hydrolyzes peptidoglycans (extracellular matrix) and allows spread to contiguous tissues

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11
Q

list examples of S. aureus exotoxins

A
  • scalded skin syndrome (epidermolytic toxins A and B)
  • food poisoning (enterotoxins A-E)
  • toxic shock syndrome (TSS1)
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12
Q

staphylococcus aureus usually causes what types of infections

A

skin infections

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13
Q

what bacteria is the most common cause of osteomyelitis and endocarditis?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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14
Q

what types of toxins can S. aureus produce?

A

exotoxins

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15
Q

other conditions Staphylococcus aureus can induce?

A

paronychia, felon, mastitis, impetigo, folloculitis, furuncles, carbuncles

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16
Q

most common type of food poisoning is associated with what bacteria?

A

staphylococcal

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17
Q

what type of bacteria is gram+, cocci in pairs and chains

A

streptococcus spp.

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18
Q

examples of exotoxins streptococcus spp. can produce

A
  • scarlet fever

- toxic strep syndrome

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19
Q

how are streptococcus spp. bacteria typed?

A

via their surface (Lancefield) antigens

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20
Q

what group of streptococcus spp. is most important?

A

group A, step. pyogenes

beta-hemolytic strep

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21
Q

group D streptococcus spp. are now classified as:

A

enterococci

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22
Q

group B streptococcal infections are:

A

in newborns

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23
Q

pharyngitis caused by:

A

group A S. progenes (Strep throat)

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24
Q

cellulitis on face, usually caused by strep bacteria is called

A

erysipelas

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25
list of post-streptococcal diseases
- rheumatic fever - post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis - erythema nodosum
26
pharyngitis (strep throat) caused by strep bacteria can result in:
scarlet fever (exotoxin) or rheumatic fever (cross-reactivity of M-protein with cardiac myosin)
27
examples of streptococcal exotoxin related diseases
- scarlet fever | - toxic strep syndrome (necrotizing fascicitis - or 'flesh eating bacteria')
28
type of bacteria that is gram+ with diplococcus in pairs and clear coat around them
streptococcus pneumoniae
29
S.pneumoniae prevention with Pneumovax is what type of vaccine and recommended for who?
polysacc. vaccine, covers most strains (23), recommended for people over 65 (can be in addition to prevnar too)
30
S.pneumoniae prevention with Prevnar is recommended for who?
children (b/c they respond poorly to polysacc. agents), infants - 2/3 years old (primarily targeting meningitis)
31
what is the leading caused of neonatal pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis?
group B streptococcus (S. agalactiae)
32
what is a gram - rod that is most common in GI tract?
enterobacteriaceae
33
examples of enterobacteriaceae
- E.coli - Klebsiella pneumonia - Salmonella and Shigella
34
clinical illnesses associated with enterobacteriaceae
- UTIs (E. coli) - gastroenteritis (E. coli, salmonella, shigella) - pneumonia (klebsiella) - meningitis in neonate
35
the gram - rod: pseudomonas is responsible for what types of infections?
- UTIs (more aggressive, possible spread to kidney) - pneumonia - nosocomial infections (esp. in burns and wounds)
36
what is bordetella pertussis classified as?
gram negative coccobacillus
37
whopping cough is caused by what bacteria?
bordetella pertussis
38
types of gram - cocci
- Haemophilus (and Moraxalla) | - Neisseria
39
what is Haemophilus influenza classified as?
gram - diplococci
40
what types of strains of Haemophilus influenza cause the most "invasive" illness, 95% of systemic infection in children
encapsulated type b stains
41
examples of illnesses Haemophilus influenza type b encapsulated strains can cause
sepsis, meningitis, epiglottis, cellulitis
42
examples of illnesses Haemophilus influenza unencapsulated strains can cause
less severe disease (otitis media, sinusitis, pneumonia)
43
types of Neisserial infections
- gonococcal infections (Neisseria gonorrhoeae) | - meningococcal infections (Neisseria meningitis)
44
infections caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- gonococcal urethritis - gonococcal salpingitis/ Pelvic inflammatory disease - septic arthritis
45
infections caused by Neisseria meningitidis
- meningococcus (meningitis) | - pharyngitis
46
steeple sign in A/P view of epiglottis would be used to diagnose:
viral croup
47
thumb sign from lateral view of epiglottis would be used to diagnose:
acute epiglottis
48
atypical organisms that can cause pneumonia:
- mycoplasma - chlamydia - legionella - viral pneumonia
49
atypical organism that can lead to respiratory infections in young adults
mycoplasma
50
the atypical organism chlamydia can lead to:
- trachoma (infectious blindness) - urethritis - salpingitis (infertility)
51
what antibiotics don't work for atypical bacteria and why?
mycoplasma don't have a rigid cell wall, so penicillin or cephalosporins do not work (instead, macrocodes- erythromycin, tetracycline, quinolones are used)
52
other diseases that acid fast bacteria mycobacteria can cause?
- M.tubuculosis (TB) - M-leprae (Hansen's disease, leprosy) - M avim-intracellulare (immunocomp. patients)
53
most common pathogens in acute suppurative otitis media
- strep pneumoniae (30-40%) - haemophilus influenza (20-30%) - moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis (12-20%)- beta lactamase production
54
most common pathogen for pneumonia
strep pneumo.
55
most common pathogen for pneumonia in young adults
atypicals, mycoplasma | could also be legionella, chlamydia
56
pathogen for pneumonia in COPD patients of alcoholics
gram neg: haemophilus, klebsiella
57
to cover "atypicals" for pneumonia, what antibiotics could be prescribed?
- doxycycline - macrolides - fluoroquinolones
58
most common UTI pathogen
E. coli (80-90% of outpatient UTIs)
59
less common UTI pathogens could be
different gram neg rods such as proteus, klebsiella, enterobacter
60
meningitis pathogens in neonates
E. coli, group B strep
61
meningitis pathogens in children
strep pneumonia, H. flu
62
meningitis pathogens in adults
N. meningitidis, step. pneuma

Clinical Medicine (10 decks)

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