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Clinical Medicine > General Pathology of Infectious Disease 2 > Flashcards

General Pathology of Infectious Disease 2 Flashcards

1
Q

bacteria that is gram+, grape-like clusters, associated with PMNs

A

staphylococcus aureus

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2
Q

what test is used to differentiate staphylococci from other Gram+ cocci (like step) ?

A

catalase test

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3
Q

what test is the basis for separating S. aureus from numerous other (less pathogenic) strains of the same genus?

A

coagulase test

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4
Q

majority of Staph infections in humans are from?

A

S. aureus

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5
Q

list of S. aureus virulence factors

A
  • protein A
  • catalase
  • coagulase
  • fibrinolysins
  • hyaluronidase
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6
Q

how does the virulence factor of S. aureus protein A work?

A

binds to Fc segment of Ig, thus inactivates the complement cascade

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7
Q

how does the virulence factor of S. aureus catalase work?

A

inactivates H2O2 (defines the genus)

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8
Q

how does the virulence factor of S. aureus coagulase work?

A

coats bacteria with fibrin, rendering them resistant to opsonization and phagocytosis

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9
Q

how does the virulence factor of S. aureus fibronolysins work?

A

breaks down clots and allows spread to contiguous tissue

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10
Q

how does the virulence factor of S. aureus hyaluronidase work?

A

hydrolyzes peptidoglycans (extracellular matrix) and allows spread to contiguous tissues

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11
Q

list examples of S. aureus exotoxins

A
  • scalded skin syndrome (epidermolytic toxins A and B)
  • food poisoning (enterotoxins A-E)
  • toxic shock syndrome (TSS1)
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12
Q

staphylococcus aureus usually causes what types of infections

A

skin infections

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13
Q

what bacteria is the most common cause of osteomyelitis and endocarditis?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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14
Q

what types of toxins can S. aureus produce?

A

exotoxins

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15
Q

other conditions Staphylococcus aureus can induce?

A

paronychia, felon, mastitis, impetigo, folloculitis, furuncles, carbuncles

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16
Q

most common type of food poisoning is associated with what bacteria?

A

staphylococcal

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17
Q

what type of bacteria is gram+, cocci in pairs and chains

A

streptococcus spp.

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18
Q

examples of exotoxins streptococcus spp. can produce

A
  • scarlet fever

- toxic strep syndrome

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19
Q

how are streptococcus spp. bacteria typed?

A

via their surface (Lancefield) antigens

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20
Q

what group of streptococcus spp. is most important?

A

group A, step. pyogenes

beta-hemolytic strep

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21
Q

group D streptococcus spp. are now classified as:

A

enterococci

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22
Q

group B streptococcal infections are:

A

in newborns

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23
Q

pharyngitis caused by:

A

group A S. progenes (Strep throat)

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24
Q

cellulitis on face, usually caused by strep bacteria is called

A

erysipelas

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25
Q

list of post-streptococcal diseases

A
  • rheumatic fever
  • post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
  • erythema nodosum
26
Q

pharyngitis (strep throat) caused by strep bacteria can result in:

A

scarlet fever (exotoxin) or rheumatic fever (cross-reactivity of M-protein with cardiac myosin)

27
Q

examples of streptococcal exotoxin related diseases

A
  • scarlet fever

- toxic strep syndrome (necrotizing fascicitis - or ‘flesh eating bacteria’)

28
Q

type of bacteria that is gram+ with diplococcus in pairs and clear coat around them

A

streptococcus pneumoniae

29
Q

S.pneumoniae prevention with Pneumovax is what type of vaccine and recommended for who?

A

polysacc. vaccine, covers most strains (23), recommended for people over 65 (can be in addition to prevnar too)

30
Q

S.pneumoniae prevention with Prevnar is recommended for who?

A

children (b/c they respond poorly to polysacc. agents), infants - 2/3 years old (primarily targeting meningitis)

31
Q

what is the leading caused of neonatal pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis?

A

group B streptococcus (S. agalactiae)

32
Q

what is a gram - rod that is most common in GI tract?

A

enterobacteriaceae

33
Q

examples of enterobacteriaceae

A
  • E.coli
  • Klebsiella pneumonia
  • Salmonella and Shigella
34
Q

clinical illnesses associated with enterobacteriaceae

A
  • UTIs (E. coli)
  • gastroenteritis (E. coli, salmonella, shigella)
  • pneumonia (klebsiella)
  • meningitis in neonate
35
Q

the gram - rod: pseudomonas is responsible for what types of infections?

A
  • UTIs (more aggressive, possible spread to kidney)
  • pneumonia
  • nosocomial infections (esp. in burns and wounds)
36
Q

what is bordetella pertussis classified as?

A

gram negative coccobacillus

37
Q

whopping cough is caused by what bacteria?

A

bordetella pertussis

38
Q

types of gram - cocci

A
  • Haemophilus (and Moraxalla)

- Neisseria

39
Q

what is Haemophilus influenza classified as?

A

gram - diplococci

40
Q

what types of strains of Haemophilus influenza cause the most “invasive” illness, 95% of systemic infection in children

A

encapsulated type b stains

41
Q

examples of illnesses Haemophilus influenza type b encapsulated strains can cause

A

sepsis, meningitis, epiglottis, cellulitis

42
Q

examples of illnesses Haemophilus influenza unencapsulated strains can cause

A

less severe disease (otitis media, sinusitis, pneumonia)

43
Q

types of Neisserial infections

A
  • gonococcal infections (Neisseria gonorrhoeae)

- meningococcal infections (Neisseria meningitis)

44
Q

infections caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae

A
  • gonococcal urethritis
  • gonococcal salpingitis/ Pelvic inflammatory disease
  • septic arthritis
45
Q

infections caused by Neisseria meningitidis

A
  • meningococcus (meningitis)

- pharyngitis

46
Q

steeple sign in A/P view of epiglottis would be used to diagnose:

A

viral croup

47
Q

thumb sign from lateral view of epiglottis would be used to diagnose:

A

acute epiglottis

48
Q

atypical organisms that can cause pneumonia:

A
  • mycoplasma
  • chlamydia
  • legionella
  • viral pneumonia
49
Q

atypical organism that can lead to respiratory infections in young adults

A

mycoplasma

50
Q

the atypical organism chlamydia can lead to:

A
  • trachoma (infectious blindness)
  • urethritis
  • salpingitis (infertility)
51
Q

what antibiotics don’t work for atypical bacteria and why?

A

mycoplasma don’t have a rigid cell wall, so penicillin or cephalosporins do not work (instead, macrocodes- erythromycin, tetracycline, quinolones are used)

52
Q

other diseases that acid fast bacteria mycobacteria can cause?

A
  • M.tubuculosis (TB)
  • M-leprae (Hansen’s disease, leprosy)
  • M avim-intracellulare (immunocomp. patients)
53
Q

most common pathogens in acute suppurative otitis media

A
  • strep pneumoniae (30-40%)
  • haemophilus influenza (20-30%)
  • moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis (12-20%)- beta lactamase production
54
Q

most common pathogen for pneumonia

A

strep pneumo.

55
Q

most common pathogen for pneumonia in young adults

A

atypicals, mycoplasma

could also be legionella, chlamydia

56
Q

pathogen for pneumonia in COPD patients of alcoholics

A

gram neg: haemophilus, klebsiella

57
Q

to cover “atypicals” for pneumonia, what antibiotics could be prescribed?

A
  • doxycycline
  • macrolides
  • fluoroquinolones
58
Q

most common UTI pathogen

A

E. coli (80-90% of outpatient UTIs)

59
Q

less common UTI pathogens could be

A

different gram neg rods such as proteus, klebsiella, enterobacter

60
Q

meningitis pathogens in neonates

A

E. coli, group B strep

61
Q

meningitis pathogens in children

A

strep pneumonia, H. flu

62
Q

meningitis pathogens in adults

A

N. meningitidis, step. pneuma

Clinical Medicine (10 decks)

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