Acute and Chronic Inflammation

Question 1

mediators of inflammation that act on small blood vessels and recruit WBCs are called

Answer 1

plasma proteins

Question 2

protein poor fluid

Answer 2

transudate

Question 3

protein rich fluid

Answer 3

exudate

Question 4

leucocyte types involved in acute inflammation

Answer 4

neutrophils (PMNs)

Question 5

leucocyte types involved in chronic inflammation

Answer 5

lymphocytes and macrophages

Question 6

what occurs during the vascular component of acute inflammation

Answer 6

vasodilation and increased vascular permeability (plasma proteins leave circulation)

Question 7

what cellular event components occur during acute inflammation occur

Answer 7

• leukocytes emigrate to injury site

- principal leukocytes are neutrophils

Question 8

what is edema

Answer 8

fluid accumulation in extracellular space

Question 9

endothelial cell contraction releases what rapid acting substances

Answer 9

• histamine
• bradykinin
• leukotrienes

Question 10

endothelial cell contraction releases what slow acting cytokines

Answer 10

• tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

- interleukin-1

Question 11

new blood vessel leakage is called

Answer 11

angiogenesis

Question 12

what is the role of lymphatic vessels

Answer 12

returns extravascular fluid to the circulation

Question 13

what are opsonins

Answer 13

host proteins that coat microbes and target them for phagocytosis

Question 14

example of chemical mediator produced locally by the cells at the site of acute inflammation

Answer 14

mast cell-histamine

Question 15

example of chemical mediator synthesized on site

Answer 15

prostaglandins and cytokines

Question 16

where is histamine found and what does it do

Answer 16

mast cells, basophils, and platelets

-dilation of arterioles, increased vascular permeability, endothelial contraction

Question 17

vasoactive amines (cell-derived mediators)

Answer 17

histamine and serotonin

Question 18

where is serotonin found and what is it involved with

Answer 18

found in platelets and involved with vasoconstriction in clotting

Question 19

how are prostaglandins formed (pathway)?

Answer 19

formed in cyclooxyrgenase pathway

Question 20

prostaglandins are responsible for

Answer 20

pain and fever response in inflammation, and vasodilation

Question 21

how are leukotrienes formed (pathway)?

Answer 21

lipoxygenase pathway

Question 22

leukotrienes are associated with

Answer 22

chemotactic factors, vasoconstriction, bronchospasm, increased vascular permeability

Question 23

steroids inhibit _______

Answer 23

phospholipases

this stabilizes the mast cell membrane

Question 24

cytokines are derived from both

Answer 24

lymphocytes and macrophages

Question 25

what mediates communication between leukocytes

Answer 25

cytokines (interleukin)

Question 26

tumor necrosis factor is produced by

Answer 26

activated macrophages, mast cells, and endothelial cells

Question 27

what is the principal role of tumor necrosis factor in inflammation

Answer 27

endothelial activation

Question 28

what are leukocytes

Answer 28

chemoattractant for different subsets of leukocytes that recruit leukocytes to site of inflammation

Question 29

ROS are produced within _______

Answer 29

lysosomes

Question 30

what can ROS destroy

Answer 30

destroy phagocytosed microbes and necrotic cells in lysosomes

Question 31

these plasma proteins coat (opsonize) particles for phagocytosis and destruction

Answer 31

complement

Question 32

complement can increase:

Answer 32

• vascular permeability
• vasodilation
• leukocyte activation, adhesion, and chemotaxis

Question 33

complement cells are controlled by

Answer 33

regulatory proteins (thereby protecting normal cells)

Question 34

bradykinin

Answer 34

• increase vascular permeability
• arteriolar dilation
• bronchial smooth muscle contraction

Question 35

the dominant cells in chronic inflammation are

Answer 35

macrophages

Question 36

the major drivers of inflammation in autoimmune and other chronic inflammatory diseases are

Answer 36

lymphocytes

Question 37

cells found in parasitic infections and immune reactions mediated by igE- allergies

Answer 37

eosinophils

Question 38

sentinel cells, histamine and arachidonic acid metabolites are from

Answer 38

mast cells