Cell Injury, Cell Death, and Adaptations Flashcards
the study of suffering, what happens to tissue/organs of the body in the presence of disease
pathology
pathological process of the body organ(s) with its own signs and symptoms
disease
dysfunction of significant number of cells in the organ must occur before it is called a
disease
when organ is normal but malfunction of the organ exists
disorder
disease may or may not be present in a
disorder
the physical and/or mental state of being unwell is called
sickness
well being state indicating normality of body, mind, and spirit
health
a sign is:
observable “objective” or measurable physical manifestations of disease(s) or disorder(s)
a symptom is:
“subjective” evidence of a disease or disorder
attachment of a specific name to a specific disease or disorder is called a
diagnosis
making a prediction of the outcome of a disease or disorder is called
prognosis
treatment of a disease or disorder is called
therapy
the “cause of” a disease or disorder is called
etiology
the underlying mechanisms resulting in the signs and symptoms of the patient are the
pathogenesis
the gross or microscopic appearance of cells and tissues are
morphology
for a disease or disorder to become manifested clinically, there first must be a:
dysfunction of a significant number of cells in an organ or tissue
an equilibrium of the microenvironment of the cell is called
homeostasis
adjusting to a new situation to preserve viability and function is
adaptation
what is the pathological definition of stress
any demand on the cell requiring it to adapt
list the principle adaptive responses
- hypertrophy
- hyperplasia
- atrophy
- metaplasia
what are the types of cell death
necrosis and apoptosis
factors that affect stress on the cell
- vulnerability
- differentiation
- blood supply
- state of nutrition
- state of cellular health
molecular and biochemical levels that stress may affect
- maintenance of cellular membrane
- maintenance of ionic/osmotic balance
- energy production by the cell
- protein synthesis
- genetic apparatus
what are adaptations?
reversible changes in the number, size, metabolic activity and functions of cells
physiologic adaptation is
cellular response to normal stimulation
pathologic adaptation is
modified cellular response to avoid injury
increase in the size of cells resulting in increase in the size of the organ is called
hypertrophy
adaptation where there is no new cells, just bigger cells
hypertrophy
example of physiologic hypertrophy
weightlifter
example of pathologic hypertropy
cardiac enlargement- hypertension, or aortic valve stenosis
adaptation where there is an increase in cell number is
hyperplasia
______ occurs in cells capable of replication
hyperplasia
can hyperplasia occur with hypertrophy?
yes
examples of physiologic hyperplasia
- hormonal (breast changes in puberty and pregnancy)
- compensatory (part of tissue is removed in kidney, liver)
examples of pathologic hyperplasia
-excessive hormonal or growth factor stimulation
abnormal menstrual bleeding, viral infection causing warts
shrinkage in the size of the cell by loss of cell substance is called
atrophy
in atrophy, what occurs?
tissue or organ size diminishes, function diminishes but not death
causes of atrophy include
- immobilization
- loss of innervation
- diminished blood supply
- inadequate nutrition
- loss of endocrine stimulation
- aging
what occurs with autophagy in atrophy?
cell in nutritionally depleted state and makes lysozyme vacuoles to dissolve its own components like “eating itself”
reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type is called
metaplasia
why is metaplasia a useful adaptation
cells sensitive to a certain stress are replaced by another cell type capable of better withstanding that stress
what types of cells are involved in metaplasia
it is a genetic “reprogramming” of stem cells and NOT changing of already differentiated cells
examples of metaplasia
- cigarette smoking
- gastric reflux
necrosis
- enzymes leak out of lysosomes and cell is digested
- leakage through cell membrane elicits inflammation
- due to ischemia (lack of blood supply), toxins, infections, trauma
apoptosis
cell kills itself, no membrane leakage
“cell suicide”, no inflammation
causes of cell injury:
-iatrogenic
doctor caused disease or disorder
e.g. medication reaction
causes of cell injury:
-fomite
object capable of transmitting a disease
e.g. improperly cleaned instruments
causes of cell injury: stress factors
-hypoxia
oxygen deficiency caused by
- ischemia- decreased blood supply
- inadequate oxygenation of blood (pneumonia)
- reduction in oxygen carrying capacity of the blood (anemia, CO poisoning)
causes of cell injury: stress factors
-chemical agents
alter membrane permeability, osmotic homeostasis, enzyme damage
(e.g. glucose, salt, oxygen)
causes of cell injury: stress factors
-infectious agents
-viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoans, etc.
causes of cell injury: stress factors
-immunologic reactions
- defend against pathologic organisms
- autoimmune reactions against one’s own tissues
- allergic reactions
causes of cell injury: stress factors
-genetic defects
can cause cell injury by inborn errors of metabolism
-accumulation of damaged DNA
causes of cell injury: stress factors
-nutritional imbalances
- protein calorie insufficiency
- vitamin deficiencies
- excesses in nutrition (obesity)
causes of cell injury: stress factors
-physical agents
- trauma
- extremes of temp
- radiation
- electrical energy
- changes in atmospheric pressure (sudden)
causes of cell injury: stress factors
-aging
- alterations in replication and repair abilities
- long term accumulation of toxins, radiation, injuries, etc.
necrosis is the
degradative action of enzymes on lethally injured cells
what occurs in necrosis
membrane integrity is lost and contents leak out causing inflammation
where do the enzymes come from in necrosis
from cellular lysosomes or from the lysosomes from recruited leukocytes
in necrosis, enzymes given off from a particular organ can indicate damage to that organ. what are these for the heart and liver
heart- CPK, troponin
liver- alkaline phosphate, transaminases (AST, ALT)
3 types of necrosis
- coagulative
- liquifactive
- caseous
coagulative necrosis
tissue necrosis in which components cells are dead but basic architecture is preserved for a short while
liquefactive necrosis
complete digestion of the cell
caseous necrosis
friable yellow-white appearance (cheese-like) architecture competed obliterated
-has an inflammatory border giving the appearance of a granuloma
what are lysosomes
cytoplasmic bodies that contain hydrolytic enzymes used to breakdown phagocytes material
autophagy is
digestion of cell’s own components (a survival mechanism in times of nutrient deprivation)
heterophagy is
ingestion of outside material for intracellular destruction (example: macrophage)
