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General 3 > General Pathology > Flashcards

General Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Pus contents

A

Proteins
Enzymes
MO
Cells

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2
Q

Mediators of inflammation

A

Prostaglandin, bradykinin & kallidin
Histamine
Lymphocytes
WBC enzymes

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3
Q

Specific gravity
A. Exudate
B. Transudate

A

A. >1.018

B. <1.018

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4
Q

Most important mediator of inflammation

A

Histamine

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5
Q

Histamine is produced by

A

Mast cells and Basophils

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6
Q

Vascular permeability results to

A

Escape of plasma contents towards interstitial tissues

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7
Q

Margination/Pavementing

A

Peripherally lining up of WBC

Preparation for diapedesis

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8
Q

Diapedesis

A

Passive movement of blood cells across endothelial wall

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9
Q

What organelle is used by WBC to move across epithelium

A

Pseudopods

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10
Q

Phenomenon through which blood-borne antigens are attracted and fixed to areas of inflammation

A

Anachoresis

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11
Q

1st line of defense in passive immunity

A

Barriers

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12
Q

2nd line of defense for passive immunity

A

Phagocytes

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13
Q

Activates complement system

A

Ag-Ab complex

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14
Q

Accumulation of C3b on the antigen

A

Opsonization

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15
Q

Production of C5b

A

Membrane attack complex

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16
Q

Humoral

A 
B-cell
MHC2
CD4
B-lymphocyte: antibody
Ag-Ab complex
Complement system activation
Opsonization
Membrane attack complex

Goal: make an antibody for certain antigen

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17
Q

Cell-mediated

A

T-cell/ Infected cell/ Damage cell
MHC1
CD8

Goal: prevent spread of infection

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18
Q

Examples of acute bacterial infection

A

Phlegmon

Ludwig’s angina

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19
Q

Example of chronic bacterial infection

A

Chronic apical periodontitis

Abscess, granuloma & cyst

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20
Q

Involved structures in Ludwig’s angina

A

Bilateral:
Submandibular spaces
Sublingual spaces
Submental spaces

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21
Q

Primary concern in LA

A

Airway obstruction

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22
Q

Treatment of LA

A

Incisional biopsy
Tracheotomy
Antibiotics

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23
Q

Leukocytosis

A

Bacterial infection (acute)

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24
Q

Lymphocytosis

A

Viral infection or

Chronic bacterial infection

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25
Q

Cells in chronic infections

A

Plas LyMac

Plasma cells
Lymphocytes
Macrophages

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26
Q

Cells in acute infections

A

Neutrophils

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27
Q

Hypersensitivity reactions

A

1- Allergic/Anaphylactic/Immediate
2- Cytotoxic
3- Immune complex
4- Delayed/ T-cell mediated

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28
Q

Hypersensitivity reaction 15-30mins after

A

Type 1

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29
Q

Hypersensitivity reaction after 48 to 72 hours

A

Type 4

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30
Q

Severe form of allergy

A

Anaphylactic hypersensitivity

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31
Q

Inflammation of BV

A

Vasculitis

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32
Q 
Immunoglobulin mediator in
A. Type 1
B. Type 2
C. Type 3
D. Type 4
A

A. IgE
B. IgG and IgM
C. Ag-Ab complex
D. Immune cells

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33
Q

Shock due to loss of blood flow

A 
Anaphylactic shock
Drug: Epinephrine
IM
0.5mg
0.5ml 1:1000
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34
Q

Arthus reaction

A

Horse serum injected to rabbit

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35
Q

Example of type 1 HSR

A

Asthma

Urticaria/hives

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36
Q

Example of type 2 HSR

A

Hemolytic anemia
Erythroblastosis fetalis
Rheumatic fever

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37
Q

Example of type 3 HSR

A

Arthus rxn
SLE
Serum sickness
Glomerulonephritis

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38
Q

Examples of type 4 HSR

A

Poison ivy
Nickel
Mantoux test/ tuberculin skin test

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39
Q

Labile cells

A

Multiplies throughout life

Epithelial cells

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40
Q

Stable cells

A

Mutiplies when damaged

Liver, kidney & pancreas

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41
Q

Permanent cells

A

Cannot multiply
Neuron, mature RBC
Skeletal, cardiac muscles

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42
Q

Retrogressive changes in cells and tissues characterized by abnormal structural changes within the cell and decreased function

A

Cellular degeneration

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43
Q

Reversible

A

Cloudy swelling
Hydropic/vacuolar
Fatty degeneration
Hyaline degeneration

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44
Q

Irreversible

A

Necrosis

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45
Q

Swelling of cells resulting to pale or cloudy appearance

A

Cloudy swellings

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46
Q

Excessive swelling of cells due to excess water accumulation

A

Hydropic

47
Q

Accumulation of lipid/fats common in LIVER and HEART

A

Fatty degeneration

48
Q

Intracellular accumulation of hyaline

A

Hyaline degeneration

49
Q

Accumulation of hyaline in PCT cells

A

Hyaline droplets

50
Q

Hyaline in alcoholic cirrhosis

A

Mallory bodies

51
Q

Hyaline in yellow fever

A

Councilman bodies

52
Q

Hyaline in plasma cells

A

Russel-Fuchs bodies

53
Q

Hyaline in typhoid fever

A

Zenker’s degeneration

54
Q

Alcoholic cirrhosis in liver

A 
Laynek cirrhosis (scar)
Irreversible
55
Q

Yellow fever

A

Caused by virus

Leads to jaundice

56
Q

Fatty stool

A

Steatorrhea

57
Q

Significant feature of Mallory-Weiss syndrome

A

Esophageal bleeding due to prolong/repeated vomiting

58
Q

Hyaline accumulation in glomerulus resulting to sclerosis and associated with diabetes

A

Diabetic glomerulosclerosis

Wilson syndrome

59
Q

Anorexia nervosa

A

Brain

Less food intake

60
Q

Bulimia nervosa

A

Binge-eat then purge or vomit

61
Q

Intracellular hyaline accumulation

A

Hyaline degeneration

62
Q

Extracellular hyaline accumulation

A

Amyloidosis

63
Q

Abnormal protein fragments

A

Amyloid

64
Q

Amyloidosis seen in

A

Congo red staining

65
Q

Types of necrosis

A 
Coagulative
Liquefactive
Caseous
Gummatous
Gangrenous
Fat
66
Q

Most common necrosis in the heart

A

Coagulative

67
Q

Most common necrosis in the brain

A

Liquefactive

68
Q

Seen in patients with TB (pulmonary)

A

Caseous

69
Q

First line drug for TB

A

Isoniazid

70
Q

Most hepatotoxic drug for TB

A

Rifampicin

71
Q

Most ototoxic drug for TB

A

Streptomycin

72
Q

Hyaline

A

Glassy
Eosinophilic
Pinkish

73
Q 
Hyaline in:
A. PCT cells
B. Alcoholic cirrhosis
C. Yellow fever
D. Plasma cells
E. Typhoid fever
A 
A. Hyaline droplets
B. Mallory bodies
C. Councilman bodies
D. Russel-Fuchs bodies
E. Zenker's degeneration
74
Q

Necrosis seen in tertiary syphilis

A

Gummatous

75
Q

Primary syphilis

A

Chancre

76
Q

Secondary syphilis

A

White patches

Condyloma lata

77
Q

Latent stage of syphilis

A

No signs and symptoms

78
Q

MO that caused syphilis

A

Treponema pallidum

79
Q

Necrosis seen in lower extremities of diabetic patients

A

Gangrenous

80
Q

Accumulation of fat-calcium complexes

A

Fat necrosis

81
Q

Gangrenous necrosis is due to

A

Due to loss of blood supply

82
Q

Necrosis in patients with acute pancreatitis

A

Fat necrosis

83
Q

Eumelanin

A

Brown-black

84
Q

Pheomelanin

A

Red-yellow

85
Q

Heme

A

Red

86
Q

Bilirubin

A

Yellow

87
Q

Biliverdin

A

Green

88
Q

Porphyrin

A

Red

89
Q

Hemosiderin

A

Golden brown or rust

Seen in heart failure cells

90
Q

Urobilin

A

Yellow

Urine

91
Q

Stercobilin

A

Brown

Stool

92
Q

Wear and tear pigment

A

Lipofuscin

Lipochrome

93
Q

Lead poisoning

A

Plumbism

Burton line: bluish line in marginal gingiva

94
Q

Silver poisoning

A

Argyria

95
Q

Blue-Gray-Black gingiva

A

Plumbism
Mercury poisoning
Argyria

96
Q

Black pigmentation

A

Silver nitrate

97
Q

Carbon monoxide poisoning

A

Cherry red tissues

98
Q

Potassium permanganate

A

Purple

99
Q

Tetracycline stain

A

Intrinsic stain

Greenish-black

100
Q

Iron-deficiency anemia

A

Yellow/brown/black

101
Q

Wilsons disease

A

Copper accumulation

Brown-green bordered eyes (keyser-fleischer ring)

102
Q

Fluorosis

A

Mottled enamel

103
Q

Carbon monoxide

A

Higher affinity to hemoglobin than oxygen

104
Q

Actinomyces israeli

A

Yellow sulfur granules

105
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

A

Golden yellow

106
Q

C. Diphtheriae

A

Red metachromatic granules

Babes-ernst granules

107
Q

Serratia marcescens

A

Red

108
Q

P. Aeruginosa

A

Bluish green

109
Q

Nosocomial infections

A

P.aeruginosa
S.aureus
E.coli

110
Q

Keyser-fleischer ring

A

Wilson’s disease

111
Q

Laynek cirrhosis

A

Liver cirrhosis

Mallory bodies

112
Q

Yellow sulfur granules

A

Actinomyces israeli

113
Q

Red metachromatic granules

A

C.diphtheriae

114
Q

Vaccines that cause arthus reaction

A

Tetanus

Diphtheria

General 3 (4 decks)

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