General Pathology Flashcards by encoring Unknown

Pus contents

Proteins
Enzymes
MO
Cells

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Mediators of inflammation

Prostaglandin, bradykinin & kallidin
Histamine
Lymphocytes
WBC enzymes

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Specific gravity
A. Exudate
B. Transudate

A. >1.018

B. <1.018

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Most important mediator of inflammation

Histamine

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Histamine is produced by

Mast cells and Basophils

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Vascular permeability results to

Escape of plasma contents towards interstitial tissues

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Margination/Pavementing

Peripherally lining up of WBC

Preparation for diapedesis

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Diapedesis

Passive movement of blood cells across endothelial wall

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What organelle is used by WBC to move across epithelium

Pseudopods

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Phenomenon through which blood-borne antigens are attracted and fixed to areas of inflammation

Anachoresis

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1st line of defense in passive immunity

Barriers

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2nd line of defense for passive immunity

Phagocytes

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Activates complement system

Ag-Ab complex

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Accumulation of C3b on the antigen

Opsonization

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Production of C5b

Membrane attack complex

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Humoral

B-cell
MHC2
CD4
B-lymphocyte: antibody
Ag-Ab complex
Complement system activation
Opsonization
Membrane attack complex

Goal: make an antibody for certain antigen

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Cell-mediated

T-cell/ Infected cell/ Damage cell
MHC1
CD8

Goal: prevent spread of infection

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Examples of acute bacterial infection

Phlegmon

Ludwig’s angina

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Example of chronic bacterial infection

Chronic apical periodontitis

Abscess, granuloma & cyst

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Involved structures in Ludwig’s angina

Bilateral:
Submandibular spaces
Sublingual spaces
Submental spaces

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Primary concern in LA

Airway obstruction

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Treatment of LA

Incisional biopsy
Tracheotomy
Antibiotics

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Leukocytosis

Bacterial infection (acute)

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Lymphocytosis

Viral infection or

Chronic bacterial infection

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Cells in chronic infections

Plas LyMac Plasma cells Lymphocytes Macrophages

Cells in acute infections

Neutrophils

Hypersensitivity reactions

1- Allergic/Anaphylactic/Immediate 2- Cytotoxic 3- Immune complex 4- Delayed/ T-cell mediated

Hypersensitivity reaction 15-30mins after

Type 1

Hypersensitivity reaction after 48 to 72 hours

Type 4

Severe form of allergy

Anaphylactic hypersensitivity

Inflammation of BV

Vasculitis

``` Immunoglobulin mediator in A. Type 1 B. Type 2 C. Type 3 D. Type 4 ```

A. IgE B. IgG and IgM C. Ag-Ab complex D. Immune cells

Shock due to loss of blood flow

``` Anaphylactic shock Drug: Epinephrine IM 0.5mg 0.5ml 1:1000 ```

Arthus reaction

Horse serum injected to rabbit

Example of type 1 HSR

Asthma | Urticaria/hives

Example of type 2 HSR

Hemolytic anemia Erythroblastosis fetalis Rheumatic fever

Example of type 3 HSR

Arthus rxn SLE Serum sickness Glomerulonephritis

Examples of type 4 HSR

Poison ivy Nickel Mantoux test/ tuberculin skin test

Labile cells

Multiplies throughout life | Epithelial cells

Stable cells

Mutiplies when damaged | Liver, kidney & pancreas

Permanent cells

Cannot multiply Neuron, mature RBC Skeletal, cardiac muscles

Retrogressive changes in cells and tissues characterized by abnormal structural changes within the cell and decreased function

Cellular degeneration

Reversible

Cloudy swelling Hydropic/vacuolar Fatty degeneration Hyaline degeneration

Irreversible

Necrosis

Swelling of cells resulting to pale or cloudy appearance

Cloudy swellings

Excessive swelling of cells due to excess water accumulation

Hydropic

Accumulation of lipid/fats common in LIVER and HEART

Fatty degeneration

Intracellular accumulation of hyaline

Hyaline degeneration

Accumulation of hyaline in PCT cells

Hyaline droplets

Hyaline in alcoholic cirrhosis

Mallory bodies

Hyaline in yellow fever

Councilman bodies

Hyaline in plasma cells

Russel-Fuchs bodies

Hyaline in typhoid fever

Zenker's degeneration

Alcoholic cirrhosis in liver

``` Laynek cirrhosis (scar) Irreversible ```

Yellow fever

Caused by virus | Leads to jaundice

Fatty stool

Steatorrhea

Significant feature of Mallory-Weiss syndrome

Esophageal bleeding due to prolong/repeated vomiting

Hyaline accumulation in glomerulus resulting to sclerosis and associated with diabetes

Diabetic glomerulosclerosis | Wilson syndrome

Anorexia nervosa

Brain | Less food intake

Bulimia nervosa

Binge-eat then purge or vomit

Intracellular hyaline accumulation

Hyaline degeneration

Extracellular hyaline accumulation

Amyloidosis

Abnormal protein fragments

Amyloid

Amyloidosis seen in

Congo red staining

Types of necrosis

``` Coagulative Liquefactive Caseous Gummatous Gangrenous Fat ```

Most common necrosis in the heart

Coagulative

Most common necrosis in the brain

Liquefactive

Seen in patients with TB (pulmonary)

Caseous

First line drug for TB

Isoniazid

Most hepatotoxic drug for TB

Rifampicin

Most ototoxic drug for TB

Streptomycin

Hyaline

Glassy Eosinophilic Pinkish

``` Hyaline in: A. PCT cells B. Alcoholic cirrhosis C. Yellow fever D. Plasma cells E. Typhoid fever ```

``` A. Hyaline droplets B. Mallory bodies C. Councilman bodies D. Russel-Fuchs bodies E. Zenker's degeneration ```

Necrosis seen in tertiary syphilis

Gummatous

Primary syphilis

Chancre

Secondary syphilis

White patches | Condyloma lata

Latent stage of syphilis

No signs and symptoms

MO that caused syphilis

Treponema pallidum

Necrosis seen in lower extremities of diabetic patients

Gangrenous

Accumulation of fat-calcium complexes

Fat necrosis

Gangrenous necrosis is due to

Due to loss of blood supply

Necrosis in patients with acute pancreatitis

Fat necrosis

Eumelanin

Brown-black

Pheomelanin

Red-yellow

Heme

Red

Bilirubin

Yellow

Biliverdin

Green

Porphyrin

Red

Hemosiderin

Golden brown or rust | Seen in heart failure cells

Urobilin

Yellow | Urine

Stercobilin

Brown | Stool

Wear and tear pigment

Lipofuscin | Lipochrome

Lead poisoning

Plumbism | Burton line: bluish line in marginal gingiva

Silver poisoning

Argyria

Blue-Gray-Black gingiva

Plumbism Mercury poisoning Argyria

Black pigmentation

Silver nitrate

Carbon monoxide poisoning

Cherry red tissues

Potassium permanganate

Purple

Tetracycline stain

Intrinsic stain | Greenish-black

Iron-deficiency anemia

Yellow/brown/black

Wilsons disease

Copper accumulation | Brown-green bordered eyes (keyser-fleischer ring)

Fluorosis

Mottled enamel

Carbon monoxide

Higher affinity to hemoglobin than oxygen

Actinomyces israeli

Yellow sulfur granules

Staphylococcus aureus

Golden yellow

C. Diphtheriae

Red metachromatic granules | Babes-ernst granules

Serratia marcescens

Red

P. Aeruginosa

Bluish green

Nosocomial infections

P.aeruginosa S.aureus E.coli

Keyser-fleischer ring

Wilson's disease

Laynek cirrhosis

Liver cirrhosis | Mallory bodies

Yellow sulfur granules

Actinomyces israeli

Red metachromatic granules

C.diphtheriae

Vaccines that cause arthus reaction

Tetanus | Diphtheria