Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Finals - Opthalmology and ENT > General: Opthalmology > Flashcards

General: Opthalmology Flashcards

1
Q

What conditions should you be able to diagnose and treat?

A

Common causes of a red eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What conditions should you be able to recognise and refer on?

A

Painful, red eye
Loss of vision
Double vision
Eyelid problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are some causes of lid lump?

A 
Stye
Chalazion
Basal cell carcinoma (rodent ulcer)
Molluscum contagiosum (umbilicated lesions)
Papilloma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Keratoaanthoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are some causes of red eye?

A 
Benign:
Conjunctivitis
Blepharitis
Dry Eye
Episcleritis
Dangerous:
Acute angle glaucoma
Iritis
Disthyroid eye disease
Corneal ulcer
AML (acute leukemic retinopathy)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Do you need to manage loss of vision?

A

No, just refer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is gradual loss of vision?

A

Days, weeks, months

Degenerative, neuropathic, vasculopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is sudden vision loss?

A

Seconds, minutes, hours
Inflammatory, vascular occlusion, haemorrhage
(can be just noticed visual loss - happen to shut good eye)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What do you need to do for visual loss examination? (5)

A
  1. History: onset, distortion, PMH, pain
  2. Assess vision: mild, moderate or proound loss.
  3. Test pupil for relative afferent pupil defect
  4. Test field for central scotoma or hemianopia
  5. Ask about colour vision (optic neuritis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are causes of distorted vision?

A

Retinal detachment
Macular degeneration
Diabetic retinopahty

Get advice quickly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What causes of the gradual onset visual loss are there? (5)

A

Gradual onset

  1. Cataract
  2. Chronic glaucoma
  3. Macular degeneration
  4. Optic nerve compression: RAPD
  5. Glasses requirement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are some of the sudden causes of visual loss? (5)

A
  1. Ischaemic optic neuropathy (PMR/GCA)
  2. Retinal detachment (flashes, floaters, field loss)
  3. Vitreous haemorrhage
  4. Vascular occlusion (artery and vein, branch and central, abrupt and variable)
  5. Acute glaucoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Other causes of visual loss? (2)

A
  1. Optic/retrobulbar neuritis

2. Diabetic retinopathy (screened for)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What visual defects should you know about?

A

Homonymous hemianopia (vascular or tumor)
Bitemporal hemianopia (usually tumour)
Central scotoma
Transient visual loss (papilloedema, GCA, TIA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is Argyll-Robertson pupil?

A

Classic pupillary syndrome

Prostitutes Pupil -
Accomodation reflex present but pupillary reflex absent

Small irregular pupils, no response to light but a response to accomodation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What conditions is Argyll-Robertson pupil seen in?

A

Diabetes mellitus

Neurosyphilis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is an entropion?

A

In-turning of the eyelids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is an ectropion?

A

Out-turning o the eyelids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus (HZO)?

A

Describes the reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus (shingles) in the area supplied by the opthalmic devision of the trigeminal nerve. (10% cases)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the features of Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus (HZO)?

A

Vesicular rash around the eye, which may or may not involve the actual eye itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is Hutchinson’s sign in Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus (HZO)?

A

A rash on the tip or side of the nose. Indicates nasociliary involvement and is a strong risk factor for ocular involvement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the management of Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus (HZO)?

A

Oral antiviral treatment for 7-10 days (IV if immunocompromised)
Topical corticosteroids for eye inflammation
Ocular involvement requires urgent opthalmology review

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the complications of Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus (HZO)?

A

Ocular: conjunctivitis, keratitis, episcleritis, anterior uveitis
Ptosis
Post-herpetic neuralgia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is Holmes-Adie pupil?

A

A benign condition most commonly seen in women.
Differential of a dilated pupil

Unilateral in 80% of cases
Dilated pupil
Once the pupil has constricted it remains small for an abnormally long time
Slowly reactive to accommodation but very poorly (if at all) to light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is Holmes-Adie syndrome

A

Association of Holmes-Adie pupil with absent ankle/knee reflexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is Horner’s syndrome?

A

Miosis (small pupil)
Ptosis
Enopthalmos (sunken eye)
Anhidrosis (loss of sweating one side)

26
Q

What is seen in congenital Horner’s syndrome?

A

Heterochromia (difference in iris colour)

27
Q

When Horner’s syndrome is caused by central lesions, what form of anhidrosis is seen?

A

Anhidrosis of the face, arm and trunk

28
Q

When Horner’s syndrome is caused by pre-ganglionic lesions, what form of anhidrosis is seen?

A

Anhidrosis of the face

29
Q

When Horner’s syndrome is caused by post-ganglionic lesions, what form of anhidrosis is seen?

A

No anhidrosis

30
Q

What are the central lesion causes of Horner’s syndrome?

A

S

Stroke
Syringomyelia
Multiple Sclerosis
Tumour
Encephalitis
31
Q

What are the pre-ganglionic lesion causes of Horner’s syndrome?

A

T

Pancoast’s Tumour
Thyroidectomy
Trauma
Cervical rib

32
Q

What are the post-ganglionic lesion causes of Horner’s syndrome?

A

C

Carotid artery dissection
Carotid aneurysm
Cavernous sinus thrombosis
Cluster headache

33
Q

What classification is used in Hyperetensive Retinopathy?

A

Keith-Wagener classfication

34
Q

What is stage I of the Keith-Wagener classification of hypertensive retinopathy?

A

Arteriolar narrowing and tortuosity

Increased life reflex - silver wiring

35
Q

What is stage II of the Keith-Wagener classification of hypertensive retinopathy?

A

Arteriovenous nipping

36
Q

What is stage III of the Keith-Wagener classification of hypertensive retinopathy?

A

Cotton-wool exudates

Flame and blot haemorrhages

37
Q

What is stage IV of the Keith-Wagener classification of hypertensive retinopathy?

A

Papilloedema

38
Q

What is mydriasis?

A

Dilated pupil

39
Q

What are the physiological causes of mydriasis?

A 
Third nerve palsy
Holmes-Adie pupil
Traumatic iridoplegia
Phaeochromocytoma
Congenital
40
Q

What are the drug causes of mydriasis?

A

Topical mydriatics: tropicamide, atropine
Sympathomimetic drugs: amphetamines, cocaine
Anticholinergic drugs: tricyclic antidepressants

41
Q

What is aniscoria?

A

Difference in sizes of pupils

42
Q

What is nasolacrimal duct obstruction?

A

Most common cause of a persistent watery eye in an infant.
Caused by an imperforate membrane, usually at the lower end of the lacrimal duct.
1/10 infants

43
Q

What is the management of nasolacrimal duct obstruction?

A

Teach parents to massage lacrimal duct

95% will resolve by 1 y/o

44
Q

What is hyphema?

A

Blood in the anterior chamber (water-line iris appearance)

In the context of trauma warrants urgent referral to an ophthalmic specialist for assessment and management.

45
Q

What is the main risk to sight in hyphema?

A

Raised ICP due to blockage of the angle and trabecular meshwork with erythrocytes

46
Q

What is the treatment of hyphema?

A

Strict bed rest to prevent redistribution of settled blood

High risk cases may be admited

47
Q

What is optic neuritis?

A

Occurs when swelling damages the optic nerve
Presents as pain with eye movement
Sudden temporary unilateral decrease in visual acuity (visual loss) over hours or days

Poor discrimination of colours - red desaturation
Relative afferent pupillary defect
Central scotoma

48
Q

What are the causes of optic neuritis?

A

Multiple sclerosis
Diabetes
Syphilis

49
Q

What is the management of optic neuritis?

A

High-dose steroids

Recovery usually takes 4-6 weeks

50
Q

What is the prognosis of optic neuritis?

A

> 3 white-matter lesions, 5-year risk of developing multiple sclerosis is 50%

51
Q

What is papilloedema?

A

Optic disc swelling that is caused by increased intracranial pressure.
Almost always bilateral.

52
Q

What is seen on fundoscopy in papilloedema?

A 
Venous engorgement: first sign
Loss of venous pulsation
Blurring of the optic disc margin
Elevation of optic disc
Loss of optic cup
Paton's lines: concentric/radial retinal lines cascading from the optic disc
53
Q

What are the causes of papilloedema?

A 
Space-occupying lesion: neoplastic, vascular
Malignant hypertension
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
Hydrocephalus
Hypercapnia

Rare:
Hypoparathyroidism
Hypocalcaemia
Vitamin A toxicity

54
Q

What is Endopthalmitis?

A

Endophthalmitis is a purulent inflammation of the intraocular fluids (vitreous and aqueous) usually due to infection.
Red-eye, pain and visual loss typically following intraocular surgery.

55
Q

What is Relative afferent pupillary defect?

A

Also known as the Marcus-Gunn pupil, found by the swinging light test.

56
Q

What is the cause of a Relative afferent pupillary defect?

A

A lesion anterior to the optic chiasm i.e. optic nerve or retina.

Causes:
Retina: Detachment
Optic nerve: Optic neuritis

57
Q

What is seen on a swinging light test in a Relative afferent pupillary defect?

A

The affected and normal eye appears to dilate when light is shone on the affected eye.

58
Q

What is the pathway of the afferent pupillary light reflex?

A

Afferent: retina → optic nerve → lateral geniculate body → midbrain

59
Q

What is the pathway of the efferent pupillary light reflex?

A

Efferent: Edinger-Westphal nucleus (midbrain) → oculomotor nerve

60
Q

What are the most common causes of sudden painless loss of vision?

A

Ischaemic/vascular (thrombosis, embolic, temporal arteritis), occlusion of central retinal vein and artery.

Vitreous haemorrhage

Retinal detachment

Retinal migraine

61
Q

What are the ischamic/vascular causes of sudden visual loss?

A

Wide differential
Atherothrombosis, embolus, dissection, anterior ischamic optic neuropathy, vasculitis, temporal arteritis, venous disease, hypoperfusion, TIA
Curtain coming down

TIA - aspirin 300mg

62
Q

What are the causes of tunnel vision?

A 
Papilloedema
Glaucoma
Retinitis pigmentosa
Choroidoretinitis
Optic atrophy secondary to tabes dorsalis
Hysteria

Finals - Opthalmology and ENT (44 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions